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Chun-Mei Li Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Ecological Effect Research Team, Dioxin and Environmental Endocrine Disrupter Research Project, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
Toxicology and Effects Research Team, PM2.5/DEP Research Project, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan

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Shinji Takahashi Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Ecological Effect Research Team, Dioxin and Environmental Endocrine Disrupter Research Project, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
Toxicology and Effects Research Team, PM2.5/DEP Research Project, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan

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Shinji Taneda Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Ecological Effect Research Team, Dioxin and Environmental Endocrine Disrupter Research Project, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
Toxicology and Effects Research Team, PM2.5/DEP Research Project, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan

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Chie Furuta Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Ecological Effect Research Team, Dioxin and Environmental Endocrine Disrupter Research Project, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
Toxicology and Effects Research Team, PM2.5/DEP Research Project, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan

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Gen Watanabe Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Ecological Effect Research Team, Dioxin and Environmental Endocrine Disrupter Research Project, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
Toxicology and Effects Research Team, PM2.5/DEP Research Project, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan

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Akira K Suzuki Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Ecological Effect Research Team, Dioxin and Environmental Endocrine Disrupter Research Project, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
Toxicology and Effects Research Team, PM2.5/DEP Research Project, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan

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Kazuyoshi Taya Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Ecological Effect Research Team, Dioxin and Environmental Endocrine Disrupter Research Project, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
Toxicology and Effects Research Team, PM2.5/DEP Research Project, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan

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The effects of 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (PNMC), a component of diesel exhaust, on reproductive function were investigated in adult male Japanese quail. The quail were treated with a single i.m. dose of PNMC (78, 103 or 135 mg/kg body weight), and trunk blood and testes were collected 1, 2 or 4 weeks later. Various levels of testicular atrophy were observed in all groups treated with PNMC. Sperm formation, cloacal gland area, and plasma LH and testosterone concentrations were also reduced in birds with testicular atrophy. To determine the acute effect of PNMC on gonadotrophin from the pituitary, adult male quail were administrated a single i.m. injection of PNMC (25 mg/kg), and plasma concentrations of LH were measured at 1, 3 and 6 h. This dose significantly lowered plasma levels of LH at all three time points. These results suggest that PNMC acts on the hypothalamus–pituitary axis, by reducing circulating LH within a few hours of administration and subsequently reducing testosterone secretion. In addition, in order to investigate the direct effects of PNMC on the secretion of testosterone from testicular cells in quail testes, cultured interstitial cells containing Leydig cells were exposed to PNMC (10−6, 10−5 or 10−4 M) for 4, 8 or 24 h. These quantities of PNMC significantly reduced the secretion of testosterone in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The present findings also suggest a direct effect of PNMC on the testis to reduce testosterone secretion. This study clearly indicates that PNMC induces reproductive toxicity at both the central and testicular levels, and disrupts testicular function in adult male quail.

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Koji Y Arai Department of Tissue Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Laboratory of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
Air Pollutants Health Effect Team, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan
Ecological Effect Research Team, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan

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Hisashi Kishi Department of Tissue Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Laboratory of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
Air Pollutants Health Effect Team, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan
Ecological Effect Research Team, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan

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Satoshi Onodera Department of Tissue Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Laboratory of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
Air Pollutants Health Effect Team, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan
Ecological Effect Research Team, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan

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Wanzhu Jin Department of Tissue Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Laboratory of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
Air Pollutants Health Effect Team, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan
Ecological Effect Research Team, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan

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Gen Watanabe Department of Tissue Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Laboratory of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
Air Pollutants Health Effect Team, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan
Ecological Effect Research Team, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan

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Akira K Suzuki Department of Tissue Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Laboratory of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
Air Pollutants Health Effect Team, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan
Ecological Effect Research Team, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan

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Shinji Takahashi Department of Tissue Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Laboratory of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
Air Pollutants Health Effect Team, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan
Ecological Effect Research Team, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan

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Toshihiko Kamada Department of Tissue Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Laboratory of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
Air Pollutants Health Effect Team, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan
Ecological Effect Research Team, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan

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Toshio Nishiyama Department of Tissue Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Laboratory of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
Air Pollutants Health Effect Team, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan
Ecological Effect Research Team, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan

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Kazuyoshi Taya Department of Tissue Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Laboratory of Animal Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
Air Pollutants Health Effect Team, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan
Ecological Effect Research Team, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan

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To elucidate changing patterns of inhibin/activin subunit mRNAs in the ovary of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) during the oestrous cycle, inhibin/activin subunit cDNAs of this species were cloned and ribonuclease protection assay and in situ hybridization were carried out. Inhibin α-subunit mRNA was localized in granulosa cells of primary, secondary, tertiary and atretic follicles throughout the 4-day oestrous cycle. It was also expressed in luteal cells on days 1 (oestrus), 2 (metoestrus) and 3 (dioestrus). βA-subunit mRNA was localized in granulosa cells of large secondary (>200 μm) and tertiary follicles throughout the oestrous cycle. βB-subunit mRNA was confined to granulosa cells of large secondary and tertiary follicles. Both α- and βA-subunit mRNAs were also found in ovarian interstitial cells and theca interna cells of tertiary and atretic follicles in the evening of day 4 (pro-oestrus). A striking increase in βA-subunit mRNA levels was also observed during the preovulatory period. The expression pattern of βA-subunit mRNA during the preovulatory period is unique and not found in other species. An i.v. injection of anti-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) serum before the LH surge abolished the expression of α- and βA-subunit mRNAs in ovarian interstitial cells and theca interna cells. The treatment also abolished the preovulatory increase in βA-subunit mRNA. Furthermore, administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), which followed the injection of anti-LHRH serum, restored the expression patterns of α- and βA-subunit mRNAs. The present study revealed that the golden hamster showed a unique expression pattern of βA-subunit mRNA in response to the LH surge.

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