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C Marc Luetjens Institute of Reproductive Medicine, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Urology Clinic, University Hospitals, Albert-Schweiter-Strasse 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 9, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Gerhard-Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany

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Aditya Didolkar Institute of Reproductive Medicine, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Urology Clinic, University Hospitals, Albert-Schweiter-Strasse 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 9, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Gerhard-Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany

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Sabine Kliesch Institute of Reproductive Medicine, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Urology Clinic, University Hospitals, Albert-Schweiter-Strasse 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 9, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Gerhard-Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany

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Werner Paulus Institute of Reproductive Medicine, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Urology Clinic, University Hospitals, Albert-Schweiter-Strasse 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 9, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Gerhard-Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany

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Astrid Jeibmann Institute of Reproductive Medicine, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Urology Clinic, University Hospitals, Albert-Schweiter-Strasse 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 9, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Gerhard-Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany

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Werner Böcker Institute of Reproductive Medicine, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Urology Clinic, University Hospitals, Albert-Schweiter-Strasse 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 9, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Gerhard-Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany

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Eberhard Nieschlag Institute of Reproductive Medicine, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Urology Clinic, University Hospitals, Albert-Schweiter-Strasse 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 9, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Gerhard-Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany

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Manuela Simoni Institute of Reproductive Medicine, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Urology Clinic, University Hospitals, Albert-Schweiter-Strasse 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 9, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Gerhard-Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany

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In females, progesterone is associated with reproductive functions. In males, its role and the expression of its genomic receptor are not very well understood. In attempts to achieve a hormonal male contraceptive method, gestagens are used to downregulate gonadotropin and sperm production. It is therefore essential to understand the mechanism of action of progesterone at the molecular level in males, especially in primates. This investigation was undertaken: (a) to determine whether the genomic progesterone receptor is expressed in males; and (b) to locate it in various organs that are potential targets of gestagens. Human tissues were obtained at surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostate cancer and at autopsy. Non-human primate tissues were obtained at autopsy. This study was performed by analyzing the genomic progesterone receptor by immunohistochemistry, Western blot and RT-PCR. The nuclear progesterone receptor was expressed in pituitary and hypothalamus of both monkeys and men. In the testis progesterone receptor expression was found in a few peritubular and interstitial cells, but not in germ cells. In addition, expression was detected in the epididymis, prostate and male mammary gland. Reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR experiments indicated that progesterone receptor A and B are expressed in all tissues analyzed. These data exclude direct genomic effects of gestagens at the spermatogenic level but indicate that a male contraceptive based on gestagens might have some effects on other tissues, such as the epididymis, prostate and mammary gland.

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