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M S Mondal Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
Discovery Research Laboratories, Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ibaraki 300-4293, Japan

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H Yamaguchi Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
Discovery Research Laboratories, Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ibaraki 300-4293, Japan

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Y Date Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
Discovery Research Laboratories, Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ibaraki 300-4293, Japan

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K Toshinai Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
Discovery Research Laboratories, Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ibaraki 300-4293, Japan

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T Kawagoe Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
Discovery Research Laboratories, Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ibaraki 300-4293, Japan

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T Tsuruta Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
Discovery Research Laboratories, Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ibaraki 300-4293, Japan

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H Kageyama Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
Discovery Research Laboratories, Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ibaraki 300-4293, Japan

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Y Kawamura Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
Discovery Research Laboratories, Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ibaraki 300-4293, Japan

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S Shioda Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
Discovery Research Laboratories, Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ibaraki 300-4293, Japan

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Y Shimomura Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
Discovery Research Laboratories, Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ibaraki 300-4293, Japan

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M Mori Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
Discovery Research Laboratories, Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ibaraki 300-4293, Japan

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M Nakazato Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
Discovery Research Laboratories, Pharmaceuticals Research Division, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ibaraki 300-4293, Japan

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Neuropeptide W (NPW) is a 30-amino-acid peptide initially isolated from the porcine hypothalamus as an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptors GPR7 and GPR8. An intracerebroventricular administration of NPW increased serum prolactin and corticosterone concentrations, decreased dark-phase feeding, raised energy expenditure, and lowered body weight. Peripherally, GPR7 receptors are abundantly expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract; the presence of NPW in the gastrointestinal endocrine system, however, remains unstudied. Using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies raised against rat NPW, we studied the localization of NPW in the rat, mouse, and human stomach by light and electron microscopy. NPW-immunoreactive cells were identified within the gastric antral glands in all three species. Double immunohistochemistry and electron-microscopic immunohistochemistry studies in rats demonstrated that NPW is present in antral gastrin (G) cells. NPW immunoreactivity localized to round, intermediate-to-high-density granules in G cells. NPW-immunoreactive cells accounted for 90% chromagranin A- and 85% gastrin-immunoreactive endocrine cells in the rat gastric antral glands. Using reversed-phase HPLC coupled with enzyme immunoassays specific for NPW, we detected NPW30 and its C-terminally truncated form, NPW23, in the gastric mucosa. Plasma NPW concentration of the gastric antrum was significantly higher than that of the systemic vein, suggesting that circulating NPW is derived from the stomach. Plasma NPW concentration of the gastric antrum decreased significantly after 15-h fast and increased after refeeding. This is the first report to clarify the presence of NPW peptide in the stomachs of rats, mice, and humans. In conclusion, NPW is produced in gastric antral G cells; our findings will provide clues to additional mechanisms of the regulation of gastric function by this novel brain/gut peptide.

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