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Hayato Shimada
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Hitoshi Okamura
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Yōichi Noda
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Akira Suzuki
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Shimpei Tōjō
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Akikazu Takada
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To elucidate the possible roles of increased plasminogen activator (PA) in follicular rupture and to investigate whether prostaglandins participate in ovarian PA synthesis in vivo, enzyme activities were sequentially measured by a method using the chromogenic substrate S-2251 in immature rat ovaries primed with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) followed by human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) either alone or with a concurrent injection of indomethacin.

Before hCG injection PA activity was 0·006 ± 0·006 (s.d.) μmol/1·6 mg ovarian tissue (wet wt) per 30 min: PA activity of a saline-treated group remained at low levels (<0·018 ± 0·003 μmol/1·6 mg tissue per 30 min). In contrast, PA activity of animals given hCG alone increased after the treatment, reaching a peak value of 0·112 ± 0·071 μmol/1·6 mg tissue per 30 min 12 h later, before decreasing to 0·023 ± 0·014 μmol/1·6 mg tissue per 30 min at 32 h. Contrary to expectations, a dose of indomethacin which completely blocked ovulation had no effect on either the magnitude or the time-course of PA synthesis after hCG administration (P>0·05).

These results indicate that prostaglandins are not involved in the preovulatory synthesis of PA induced by hCG in rat ovaries and that PA is not a primary proteolytic enzyme for follicular rupture. It is suggested that PA has possible roles in cumulus detachment and/or proliferation of granulosa cells during the ovulatory process.

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Muneaki Ishijima Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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Kunikazu Tsuji Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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Susan R Rittling Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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Teruhito Yamashita Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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Hisashi Kurosawa Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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David T Denhardt Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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Akira Nifuji Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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Yoichi Ezura Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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Masaki Noda Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10, Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan

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Mechanical stress to bone plays a crucial role in the maintenance of bone homeostasis. It causes the deformation of bone matrix and generates strain force, which could initiate the mechano-transduction pathway. The presence of osteopontin (OPN), which is one of the abundant proteins in bone matrix, is required for the effects of mechanical stress on bone, as we have reported that OPN-null (OPN−/−) mice showed resistance to unloading-induced bone loss. However, cellular mechanisms underlying the phenomenon have not been completely elucidated. To obtain further insight into the role of OPN in mediating mechanical stress effect on bone, we examined in vitro mineralization and osteoclast-like cell formation in bone marrow cells obtained from hind limb bones of OPN−/− mice after tail suspension. The levels of mineralized nodule formation of bone marrow cells derived from the femora subjected to unloading were decreased compared with that from loaded control in wild-type mice. However, these were not decreased in cells from OPN−/− mice after tail suspension compared with that from loaded OPN−/− mice. Moreover, while spreading of osteoclast-like cells derived from bone marrow cells of the femora subjected to unloading was enhanced compared with that from loaded control in wild-type mice, this enhancement of spreading of these cells derived from the femora subjected to unloading was not recognized compared with those from loaded control in OPN−/− mice. These data provided cellular bases for the effect of the OPN deficiency on in vitro reduced mineralized nodule formation by osteoblasts and on enhancement of osteoclast spreading in vitro induced by the absence of mechanical stress. These in vitro results correlate well with the resistance to unloading-induced bone loss in OPN−/− mice in vivo, suggesting that OPN has an important role in the effects of unloading-induced alterations of differentiation of bone marrow into osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

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Norihiko Kato Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10 Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Rutgers, New Jersey, USA
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
21st Century Center of Excellence (COE) Program for Frontier Research on Molecular Destruction and Reconstruction of Tooth and Bone, Tokyo, Japan
JSPS Core to Core Program, Japan
Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

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Keiichiro Kitahara Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10 Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Rutgers, New Jersey, USA
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
21st Century Center of Excellence (COE) Program for Frontier Research on Molecular Destruction and Reconstruction of Tooth and Bone, Tokyo, Japan
JSPS Core to Core Program, Japan
Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

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Susan R Rittling Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10 Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Rutgers, New Jersey, USA
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
21st Century Center of Excellence (COE) Program for Frontier Research on Molecular Destruction and Reconstruction of Tooth and Bone, Tokyo, Japan
JSPS Core to Core Program, Japan
Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

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Kazuhisa Nakashima Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10 Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Rutgers, New Jersey, USA
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
21st Century Center of Excellence (COE) Program for Frontier Research on Molecular Destruction and Reconstruction of Tooth and Bone, Tokyo, Japan
JSPS Core to Core Program, Japan
Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

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David T Denhardt Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10 Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Rutgers, New Jersey, USA
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
21st Century Center of Excellence (COE) Program for Frontier Research on Molecular Destruction and Reconstruction of Tooth and Bone, Tokyo, Japan
JSPS Core to Core Program, Japan
Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

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Hisashi Kurosawa Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10 Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Rutgers, New Jersey, USA
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
21st Century Center of Excellence (COE) Program for Frontier Research on Molecular Destruction and Reconstruction of Tooth and Bone, Tokyo, Japan
JSPS Core to Core Program, Japan
Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

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Yoichi Ezura Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10 Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Rutgers, New Jersey, USA
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
21st Century Center of Excellence (COE) Program for Frontier Research on Molecular Destruction and Reconstruction of Tooth and Bone, Tokyo, Japan
JSPS Core to Core Program, Japan
Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

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Masaki Noda Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3-10 Kanda-Surugadai 2-Chome, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Rutgers, New Jersey, USA
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
21st Century Center of Excellence (COE) Program for Frontier Research on Molecular Destruction and Reconstruction of Tooth and Bone, Tokyo, Japan
JSPS Core to Core Program, Japan
Hard Tissue Genome Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

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Osteoporosis is one of the most widespread and destructive bone diseases in our modern world. There is a great need for anabolic agents for bone which could reverse this disease, but few are available for clinical use. Prostaglandin E receptor (EP4) agonist (EP4A) is one of the very few anabolic agents for bone in rat, but its systemic efficacy against bone loss at sub-optimal dose is limited in mice. As osteoblasts are regulated by extracellular matrix proteins, we tested whether deficiency of osteopontin (OPN), a secreted phosphorylated protein, could modulate the effects of EP4A (ONO-AE1-329) treatment at 30 μg/kg body weight, a sub-optimal dose, for 5 days/week for 4 weeks. OPN deficiency enhanced the anabolic effects of EP4A on bone volume. Histomorphometric analysis indicated that EP4A increased mineral apposition rate as well as bone formation rate in OPN-deficient but not in wild-type mice. Neither OPN deficiency nor EP4A altered osteoclast parameters. Importantly, OPN deficiency enhanced the direct anabolic action of EP4A locally injected onto the parietal bone in inducing new bone formation. Combination of OPN deficiency and EP4A treatment caused an increase in mineralized nodule formation in the cultures of bone marrow cells. Finally, OPN deficiency enhanced anabolic action of EP4A in the mice subjected to ovariectomy. These data indicate that OPN deficiency enhances the actions of EP4A at sub-optimal dose.

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