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Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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gene has been used to classify individuals as having ‘high sensitivity′ (TT type) or ‘low sensitivity’ (CT or CC type) to caffeine. Whether adenosine A2 receptor and ADA gene polymorphisms are related to the effects of caffeine on metabolic rate needs
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Systemic glucocorticoid excess causes several adverse metabolic conditions, most notably Cushing’s syndrome. These effects are amplified by the intracellular enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). Here we determined the less well characterised effects of glucocorticoid excess, and the contribution of 11β-HSD1 amplification, on metabolic rate in mice. Male and female C57BL/6J (wild type, WT) and 11β-HSD1 knock out (11β-HSD1KO) mice were treated with high-dose corticosterone or a vehicle control for 3 weeks. Indirect calorimetry was conducted during the final week of treatment, with or without fasting, to determine the impact on metabolic rate. We found that corticosterone treatment elevated metabolic rate and promoted carbohydrate utilisation primarily in female WT mice, with effects more pronounced during the light phase. Corticosterone treatment also resulted in greater fat accumulation in female WT mice. Corticosterone induced hyperphagia was identified as a likely causal factor altering the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) but not energy expenditure (EE). Male and female 11β-HSD1KO mice were protected against these effects. We identify novel metabolic consequences of sustained glucocorticoid excess, identify a key mechanism of hyperphagia and demonstrate that 11β-HSD1 is required to manifest the full metabolic derangement.
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SUMMARY
Studies on cyclic activity of the thyroid and seasonal variations in oxygen consumption (V̇o2) under experimental conditions in which surfacing was either allowed or prevented were made in H. fossilis to try to establish a relationship between these measures and to ascertain the possible role of the thyroid in the regulation of metabolic rate. A good correlation was found between the activity of the thyroid and V̇o2 in this species. This finding was further confirmed by the administration of l-thyroxine or thiouracil to this fish. The thyroxine-and thiouracil-treated animals showed significantly higher (P < 0·05) and lower (P < 0·01) rates of V̇o2 respectively, thus indicating the probable role of the thyroid in the regulation of metabolic rate.
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A method of estimating thyroid function with carrier-free radio-iodine which provides an arbitrary numerical scale of thyroid activity is described. It is suitable for investigating borderline thyroid dysfunction.
The results on over 500 psychiatric patients are given in the form of histograms, and arbitrary limits of normality are defined on the basis of these results.
While there is usually a correlation between the tracer method and the basal metabolic rate, cases exist in which increased thyroid activity, determined by the radio-active method, is associated with normal or subnormal b.m.r. and vice versa. This is explained as a disturbance of the sensitivity of body tissues to thyroid hormone.
The significance of under-sensitivity to thyroid hormone and related problems is discussed, and the importance of considering peripheral sensitivity of the tissues of the body in evaluating an abnormal thyroid activity is emphasized.
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ABSTRACT
We have examined the relationship between the changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR) and those in hepatic metabolism induced by hyperthyroidism and fasting for 24 h. We found that hyperthyroidism induced a significant increase in RMR, while fasting for 24 h reduced RMR in euthyroid but not in hyperthyroid rats. We have also measured oxygen consumption in isolated hepatocytes from euthyroid and hyperthyroid rats, fed or fasted for 24 h. Hyperthyroidism induced an increase in oxygen consumption in rat liver cells; fasting for 24 h increased respiratory rates in isolated liver cells from euthyroid but not from hyperthyroid rats.
The findings showed that hyperthyroidism and fasting for 24 h have opposite effects on RMR but similar effects on hepatic metabolism. The results also indicated that the increase in RMR found in hyperthyroid rats is partly due to an increase in hepatic metabolism, while no correlation exists between variations in resting and hepatic metabolism induced by 24-h fasting.
Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 135, 45–51
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SUMMARY
The effect of thyroxine on the oxygen uptake of mice was abolished either by hypophysectomy or by adrenalectomy and was restored in adrenalectomized mice by very small s.c. doses of adrenaline.
Hypophysectomized and neurohypophysectomized mice failed to respond by increase in oxygen uptake to subcutaneous doses of adrenaline which were calorigenic in normal and in adrenalectomized mice. Oxytocin, 4 m-u. s.c. per mouse, restored the effect of adrenaline on the oxygen consumption of neurohypophysectomized adrenalectomized mice.
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resting metabolic rate. They can tolerate the resulting severe decrease in body temperature and thereby save large amounts of energy (up to 98%). Different forms of metabolic depression exist, ranging from obligate, deep hibernation, characterized by 96
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decrease in basal metabolic rate ( Ravucin et al . 1985 , Rosenbaum et al . 2002 ). The responses to food restriction have been well documented in a number of species, including humans ( Kelley et al . 1993 ), monkeys ( Kemnitz et al . 1994 ), rats
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-induced thermogenesis in Pacap −/− mice Pacap −/− and Pacap +/+ mice were paired and housed together according to age and gender. Resting and maximal metabolic rates (MMR) were measured in 8-week-old mice reared at 24 °C. These mice were then acclimated at 18 °C
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Brain & Breathing Science Laboratory, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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. 2008 , Marques et al. 2015 ). Body temperature was recorded every 5 min by a temperature datalogger, as described in the ‘Surgery’ section. Metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetry ( V̇O 2 ) using a closed respirometry system, as
