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Introduction Psychological stress has well-known inhibitory effects on reproductive function ( Rivier & Rivest 1991 , Tilbrook et al. 2002 , Young et al. 2006 , Lynch et al. 2014 ), suppressing hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG

Introduction The classic response to chronic stress consists of an elegant, concerted interplay of two important pathways, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA). The chronic activation of these stress

) from sympathetic nerve terminals ( Benedict et al . 1979 ). Based on this observation, we have established a rat PCOS model, which involves chronic exposure to a cold sympathetic stress stimulus ( Bhatnagar et al . 1995 , Dorfman et al . 2003

and are associated with deregulation of ovarian function in pathologies such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Exposure of adult rats to cold stress increases sympathetic activity and NA levels in the ovary ( Dorfman et al. 2003 , Bernuci et

promote the availability of energy at times of need while minimizing overall energetic needs at other times. Two of these, the stress system and the circadian clock, work closely together for this goal, but use fundamentally different principles of

Introduction Challenges that disturb the homoeostasis of an animal can be met by an activation of the stress response. A key component of this response in fish involves the stimulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis

Introduction Metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes (DM2) prevalence increased during the last decades, taking on epidemic proportions ( Lovic et al. 2020 ). Chronic psychological stress is recognized as an important risk factor for

biosynthesis studies Before continuing with this review we would like to stress some problems worthy of consideration when studying the regulation of TRH biosynthesis, given the diversity of experimental paradigms used. Cell lines are homogenous but with a

secretion of pituitary ‘thyrotropic and adrenotropic principles’. Selye’s observations translate in modern terms to stress-induced immunosuppression, peptic ulceration and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and activation of the two main vertebrate stress