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A Tsuchiya Division of Bioinformation, Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan

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T Kanno Division of Bioinformation, Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan

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T Nishizaki Division of Bioinformation, Department of Physiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan

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. 2004 ). Accumulating evidence has indicated the involvement of Akt1 in many types of cancer ( Cheung & Testa 2013 ). Akt2, on the other hand, plays a pivotal role in glucose homeostasis. Akt2 stimulates translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT4

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Lili Guo Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Department of Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China

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Penghua Fang Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Department of Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China

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Mei Yu Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Department of Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China

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Mingyi Shi Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Department of Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China

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Ping Bo Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Department of Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Department of Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China

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Zhenwen Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Department of Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China

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most important and abundant member is glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4; Absalan et al . 2012 ). After GLUT4 vesicles are trafficked from an intracellular pool to dock and fuse with the plasma membrane of cells, GLUT4 can benefit glucose uptake from

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Barbara C Fam Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Laura J Rose Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Rebecca Sgambellone Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Zheng Ruan Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Joseph Proietto Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Sofianos Andrikopoulos Department of Medicine (Austin Health), Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 7, Lance Townsend Building, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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transporters (GLUT) and the hormonal regulation of their expression and function ( Charron et al . 2005 ). The Glut4 (Slc2a4) is the main insulin-responsive transporter abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and heart ( Kahn 1992 , Mueckler

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H Nishimoto Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
Animal Biotechnology Center, Livestock Improvement Association of Japan Inc, Tokyo, Japan
Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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R Matsutani Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
Animal Biotechnology Center, Livestock Improvement Association of Japan Inc, Tokyo, Japan
Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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S Yamamoto Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
Animal Biotechnology Center, Livestock Improvement Association of Japan Inc, Tokyo, Japan
Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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T Takahashi Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
Animal Biotechnology Center, Livestock Improvement Association of Japan Inc, Tokyo, Japan
Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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K-G Hayashi Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
Animal Biotechnology Center, Livestock Improvement Association of Japan Inc, Tokyo, Japan
Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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A Miyamoto Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
Animal Biotechnology Center, Livestock Improvement Association of Japan Inc, Tokyo, Japan
Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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S Hamano Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
Animal Biotechnology Center, Livestock Improvement Association of Japan Inc, Tokyo, Japan
Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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M Tetsuka Department of Agricultural and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
Animal Biotechnology Center, Livestock Improvement Association of Japan Inc, Tokyo, Japan
Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan

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, kinetic properties and tissue expression profiles have been identified along with six Na + -dependent glucose transporters (SGLT1–6) ( Wood & Trayhurn 2003 ), of which GLUT1, 3 and 4 have been so far reported to be expressed in the ovary of sheep

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Marco Hatem-Vaquero Department of Systems Biology, Physiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Mercedes Griera Department of Systems Biology, Physiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Andrea García-Jerez Department of Systems Biology, Physiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Alicia Luengo Department of Systems Biology, Physiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Julia Álvarez Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain

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José A Rubio Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain

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Laura Calleros Department of Systems Biology, Physiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Diego Rodríguez-Puyol Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Biomedical Research Foundation and Nephrology Department, Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Madrid, Spain
Department of Systems Biology, Physiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain

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Manuel Rodríguez-Puyol Department of Systems Biology, Physiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Sergio De Frutos Department of Systems Biology, Physiology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Renal and REDinREN from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Introduction Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome (MS) are characterized by high blood glucose levels as a consequence of inappropriate peripheral glucose uptake. The insulin-responsive facilitative glucose transporter GLUT4 is strongly

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Manon M Roustit
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Joan M Vaughan Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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Pauline M Jamieson Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK

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Mark E Cleasby
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disposal by a mechanism that is not totally dependent on hypertrophy. The enhanced glucose disposal was associated with increases in total cell levels of both the GLUT1 (by a mean 34%, P =0.026; Fig. 4 B/D) and GLUT4 (by a mean 48%, P =0.0009; Fig. 4 C

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Joost J F P Luiken
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D Margriet Ouwens Department of Molecular Genetics, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

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Daphna D J Habets
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Gerard C M van der Zon Department of Molecular Genetics, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

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Will A Coumans
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Robert W Schwenk
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Arend Bonen Department of Molecular Genetics, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, PO Box 616, NL-6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands

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Jan F C Glatz
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Introduction Insulin is a major effector of cardiac substrate utilization, regulating both glucose and long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) uptake into cardiomyocytes. Under basal conditions, more than 90% of the major glucose transporter isoform GLUT4 is

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E Kilgour
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S A Baldwin
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D J Flint
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Abstract

The effect of GH, in vivo, on the glucose transport systems of rat adipocytes has been investigated. Lowering of serum GH levels, by treatment of rats with an antiserum specific for rat GH (anti-rGH), significantly decreased serum levels of both IGF-I and insulin. Treatment with anti-rGH also increased glucose oxidation and the conversion of glucose to lipid by isolated adipocytes. Adipocyte glucose oxidation and lipid synthesis were measured in the presence of a limiting concentration of glucose and therefore reflect changes in glucose transport. Immunoblot analysis of adipocyte subcellular fractions revealed that anti-rGH induced an increase in the amount of the glucose transporters GLUT1 (1·6-fold) and GLUT4 (2·5-fold) present in plasma membranes and a decrease (39%) in the amount of GLUT4 present in low-density microsomal fractions. Lowering of serum GH also increased, by 36%, the amount of GLUT1 present in a total membrane fraction but had no such effect on GLUT4 levels. Replenishment of serum GH, by concurrent administration of ovine GH to rats, prevented all of these effects of anti-rGH. It was concluded that GH in vivo down-regulates the amount of both GLUT1 and GLUT4 present in rat adipocyte plasma membranes. This reflects a decrease in the total cellular levels of GLUT1 and modification of the subcellular distribution of GLUT4 and results in restriction of adipocyte glucose uptake.

Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 145, 27–33

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Caitlin S Wyrwoll School of Anatomy and Human Biology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia

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Peter J Mark School of Anatomy and Human Biology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia

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Trevor A Mori School of Anatomy and Human Biology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia

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Brendan J Waddell School of Anatomy and Human Biology, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia

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Physiology 289 R947 – R954 . Garvey WT Maianu L Zhu JH Brechtel-Hook G Wallace P Baron AD 1998 Evidence for defects in the trafficking and translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters in skeletal muscle as a cause of human insulin

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Li Feng Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Medicine, 324, Jing 5 Road, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Medicine, 324, Jing 5 Road, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China

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Ling Gao Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Medicine, 324, Jing 5 Road, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China

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Qingbo Guan Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Medicine, 324, Jing 5 Road, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China

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Xiaolei Hou Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Medicine, 324, Jing 5 Road, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China

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Qiang Wan Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Medicine, 324, Jing 5 Road, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China

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Xiangdong Wang Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Medicine, 324, Jing 5 Road, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China

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Jiajun Zhao Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Medicine, 324, Jing 5 Road, Jinan 250021, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China

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? Wilkes found that long-term ethanol feeding (35% calories from ethanol) in a HF diet decreased SLC2A4 (GLUT4) translocation to the plasma membrane ( Wilkes et al . 1996 ), thus resulting in insulin resistance in rat adipocytes. However, similar studies

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