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GH, as its name suggests, is obligatory for growth and development. It is, however, also involved in the processes of sexual differentiation and pubertal maturation and it participates in gonadal steroidogenesis, gametogenesis and ovulation. It also has additional roles in pregnancy and lactation. These actions may reflect direct endocrine actions of pituitary GH or be mediated by its induction of hepatic or local IGF-I production. However, as GH is also produced in gonadal, placental and mammary tissues, it may act in paracrine or autocrine ways to regulate local processes that are strategically regulated by pituitary GH. The concept that GH is an important modulator of female reproduction is the focus of this review.
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Interleukins (ILs) are known best for their involvement in the immune system and their role during inflammation. In the ovary, a growing body of evidence suggests that the ovarian follicle is a site of inflammatory reactions. Thus ovarian cells could represent sources and targets of ILs. Since then, the IL-1 system components (IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-1 receptors) have been demonstrated to have several sites of synthesis in the ovary. These factors have been localized in the various ovarian cell types, such as the oocyte, granulosa and theca cells, in several mammalian species. IL-1-like bioactivity has been reported in human and porcine follicular fluid at the time of ovulation. The role of IL-1 in local processes is still poorly known, although there is evidence for involvement in the ovulation process, and in oocyte maturation. More precisely, IL-1 may be involved in several ovulation-associated events such as the synthesis of proteases, regulation of plasminogen activator activity, prostaglandin and nitric oxide production. IL-1 also regulates ovarian steroidogenesis. These different aspects of the involvement of the IL-1 system in important aspects of female reproduction are discussed.
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( Houbrechts et al. 2016 ). This is in strong contrast to DIO2KO mice that do not show any obvious reproductive defects ( Schneider et al. 2001 ). On the other hand, reproduction is severely hampered in both male and female DIO3KO mice ( Hernandez et al
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color phases ( Nagaraju & Borst 2008 ). Likewise, a better understanding of female reproductive processes and their molecular regulation is of potential importance. Such information would increase our basic understanding of crustacean reproduction and
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endometrial decidualization disorders caused by stress. Materials and methods Animals and tissue collection C57 female and male mice, aged 8–10 weeks, were obtained from the Shanghai Laboratory Animal Center (Shanghai, China). All mice were caged
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Surgical thyroidectomy during pregnancy in rabbits does not affect the outcome of pregnancy. Ovulation, implantation and pregnancy take place normally in thyroidectomized rabbits.
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There are many indications in clinical medicine that hypothyroidism is associated with inadequate reproductive function. Myxoedematous women, for example, often suffer from menstrual disturbances and seldom conceive and bear children [Rose, 1942]. A low metabolic rate is also often found in women attending fertility clinics [Nicodemus & Ritmiller, 1945], and many clinicians believe that thyroid extract is the most useful hormone in the treatment of infertility.
Experimental analysis of the apparent relationship between the thyroid and ovary has not, however, led to clear-cut conclusions. Thus, removal of the thyroid seems to have no effect upon the development of the reproductive system up to the time of maturity [Hammett, 1926], oestrous cycles beginning at ages within the normal range [Long & Evans, 1922; Lee, 1929]. According to Evans & Long [1921], too, the oestrous rhythm in the mature rat is unaltered by thyroidectomy. Later workers, however, report that both dioestrus and
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Introduction The progesterone receptor (PR, product of the Pgr gene) plays fundamental and pleiotropic roles in the control of reproduction. This is perhaps most clearly demonstrated in female Pgr -knockout mice, which are infertile because
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burden of reproduction lies with females. The ability to reproduce starts at different ages in humans but invariably involves a period of sexual maturation that culminates with the first menstrual cycle. In most inbred strains of mice, the first ovulation
