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Thomas H Claus Bayer HealthCare, Pharmaceuticals, Department of Metabolic Disease Research, 400 Morgan Lane, West Haven, Connecticut 06516 USA
Bayer HealthCare, Biotechnology, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, California 94701, USA

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Clark Q Pan Bayer HealthCare, Pharmaceuticals, Department of Metabolic Disease Research, 400 Morgan Lane, West Haven, Connecticut 06516 USA
Bayer HealthCare, Biotechnology, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, California 94701, USA

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Joanne M Buxton Bayer HealthCare, Pharmaceuticals, Department of Metabolic Disease Research, 400 Morgan Lane, West Haven, Connecticut 06516 USA
Bayer HealthCare, Biotechnology, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, California 94701, USA

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Ling Yang Bayer HealthCare, Pharmaceuticals, Department of Metabolic Disease Research, 400 Morgan Lane, West Haven, Connecticut 06516 USA
Bayer HealthCare, Biotechnology, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, California 94701, USA

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Jennifer C Reynolds Bayer HealthCare, Pharmaceuticals, Department of Metabolic Disease Research, 400 Morgan Lane, West Haven, Connecticut 06516 USA
Bayer HealthCare, Biotechnology, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, California 94701, USA

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Nicole Barucci Bayer HealthCare, Pharmaceuticals, Department of Metabolic Disease Research, 400 Morgan Lane, West Haven, Connecticut 06516 USA
Bayer HealthCare, Biotechnology, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, California 94701, USA

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Michael Burns Bayer HealthCare, Pharmaceuticals, Department of Metabolic Disease Research, 400 Morgan Lane, West Haven, Connecticut 06516 USA
Bayer HealthCare, Biotechnology, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, California 94701, USA

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Astrid A Ortiz Bayer HealthCare, Pharmaceuticals, Department of Metabolic Disease Research, 400 Morgan Lane, West Haven, Connecticut 06516 USA
Bayer HealthCare, Biotechnology, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, California 94701, USA

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Steve Roczniak Bayer HealthCare, Pharmaceuticals, Department of Metabolic Disease Research, 400 Morgan Lane, West Haven, Connecticut 06516 USA
Bayer HealthCare, Biotechnology, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, California 94701, USA

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James N Livingston Bayer HealthCare, Pharmaceuticals, Department of Metabolic Disease Research, 400 Morgan Lane, West Haven, Connecticut 06516 USA
Bayer HealthCare, Biotechnology, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, California 94701, USA

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Kevin B Clairmont Bayer HealthCare, Pharmaceuticals, Department of Metabolic Disease Research, 400 Morgan Lane, West Haven, Connecticut 06516 USA
Bayer HealthCare, Biotechnology, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, California 94701, USA

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James P Whelan Bayer HealthCare, Pharmaceuticals, Department of Metabolic Disease Research, 400 Morgan Lane, West Haven, Connecticut 06516 USA
Bayer HealthCare, Biotechnology, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, California 94701, USA

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Introduction Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a potent endogenous modulator of insulin secretion that is released by the L-cells in the crypts of the jejunum and ileum in response to a meal ( Kieffer & Habener 1999 ). Its function

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L van Bloemendaal
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J S ten Kulve
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S E la Fleur Diabetes Centre, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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R G Ijzerman
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M Diamant
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), oxyntomodulin (OXM) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), have been identified as players in the regulation of feeding by relaying meal-related information on nutritional status to the brain. Based on more than three decades of experimental evidence from rodent

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Katherine N Balantekin Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA

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Martin J Kretz Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA

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Elizabeth G Mietlicki-Baase Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
Center for Ingestive Behavior Research, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA

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options that cause fewer side effects, to decrease the act of binge eating. The glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) system has become an area of intense research focus due to its ability to reduce food intake and body weight in humans and non-human animals

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Guillaume Mabilleau GEROM Groupe Etudes Remodelage Osseux et biomatériaux, IRIS-IBS Institut de Biologie en Santé, CHU d’Angers, Université d’Angers, Angers, France

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Marie Pereira Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research (CCIR), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Chantal Chenu Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK

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needed, to reach an HbA 1C level of 7% or less. Among the most prescribed drugs, the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have recently attracted attention as Glp-1r -knockout animals, and GLP-1-supplemented animals exhibited

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Antonella Amato
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Sara Baldassano
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Rosa Liotta Laboratorio di Fisiologia Generale, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (ISMETT), Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy

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Rosa Serio
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Flavia Mulè
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Introduction Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), produced by intestinal enteroendocrine L-cells in response to the ingestion of nutrients ( Schirra et al . 1996 ), is highly insulinotropic and an inhibitor of gastrointestinal motility, effects that

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Guillaume Mabilleau Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences
Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences

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Aleksandra Mieczkowska Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences

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Nigel Irwin Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences

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Peter R Flatt Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences

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Daniel Chappard Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences
Groupe d'Etudes sur le Remodelage Osseux et les bioMatériaux (GEROM) – LHEA, Service Commun d'Imageries
et d'Analyses Microscopiques (SCIAM), School of Biomedical Sciences

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al . 2010 ). Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) is a gut hormone synthesized and secreted into the blood stream by intestinal endocrine L cells in response to a variety of stimuli ( Wu et al . 2010 ). Biologically active GLP1 is secreted as a 7–37 or 7

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Shou-Si Lu
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Yun-Li Yu
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Hao-Jie Zhu Key Lab of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China

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Xiao-Dong Liu
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Li Liu
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Yao-Wu Liu
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Ping Wang
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Lin Xie
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Guang-Ji Wang
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play is an important role in the regulation of endocrine pancreatic secretion. The intestinal products of the proglucagon gene, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), has been shown to contribute significantly to the overall insulin response to oral glucose

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Jun-ichi Eiki Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan
Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Kaori Saeki Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Norihiro Nagano Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Tomoharu Iino Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Mari Yonemoto Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Yoko Takayenoki-Iino Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Satoru Ito Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Teruyuki Nishimura Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Yoshiyuki Sato Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Makoto Bamba Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Hitomi Watanabe Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Kaori Sasaki Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Sumika Ohyama Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Akio Kanatani Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Toshio Nagase Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Toshihiko Yada Tsukuba Research Institute, Division of Integrative Physiology, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3 Okubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan

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Introduction Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone secreted from enteroendocrine L-cells, and is well recognized as an incretin that induces insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner ( Drucker 2006 ). The functions of GLP-1 have been

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Leila Arbabi Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Qun Li Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Belinda A Henry Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Iain J Clarke Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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on GnRH secretion. Amongst other hormones, that regulate GnRH secretion, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) from the gut and/or the brain has been shown to stimulate GnRH secretion, although the pathway for such an effect has not been elucidated. This

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Can Liu Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China

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Mian Zhang Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China

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Meng-yue Hu Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China

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Hai-fang Guo Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China

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Jia Li Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China

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Yun-li Yu Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China

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Shi Jin Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China

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Xin-ting Wang Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China

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Li Liu Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China

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Xiao-dong Liu Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China

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, it is noteworthy that local high concentration of ginsenosides in intestine may interact with intestinal epithelium, where numerous endocrine cells are located. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1), secreted by enteroendocrine L-cells, is one of the most

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