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behavior, since high levels of GHSR expression are recognized in the dopamine neurons in the VTA ( Zigman et al. 2006 ). It is suggested that ghrelin is involved in the brain reward circuits that are related to motivational properties, as well as hedonic
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homeostasis, it is now thought to be regulated by neuronal circuits, which signal using specific neuropeptides. The arcuate nucleus (ARC), in particular, is thought to play a pivotal role in the integration of signals regulating appetite. The ARC is
Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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critical circuit regulates motivation, reward seeking, and executive functions ( Floresco et al. 2008 , Floresco 2013 , Tobiansky et al. 2018 a ). Repeated sugar consumption affects DA release in the NAc ( Rada et al. 2005 , Avena et al. 2008
Mitochondrial Neurobiology and Therapeutics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinica Biochemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador (PUCE), Quito, Ecuador
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( Hofstetter et al . 1986 , Perkins 1992 ), and that those effects are the result of the modulatory effect of nicotine on both metabolic processes and reward circuits ( Blendy et al . 2005 , Porter 2017 ). Studies performed in rodents have shown that
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, enormous progress has been made in defining a set of overlapping neural circuits that control food intake and body weight. With time, these findings are likely to lead to a deeper understanding of how feeding behavior is controlled as well as our
Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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expenditure, contemporary, and lifestyle factors are the main causes of the prevailing obesity epidemics. The present review attempts to summarize current understanding of the anatomy, neurochemistry, functions, and interactions of relevant neural circuits
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University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
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addiction-related stimuli. Obese individuals showed increased responsiveness to viewing pictures of food, which could be regarded as the addictive substance, in areas involved in reward circuits (such as the insula, putamen, caudate nucleus and amygdala
Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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effects on the brain and reward-seeking behaviours. There is mounting evidence that early life exposure to sucrose influences brain function and behaviour in adulthood ( Wiss et al. 2018 ). This effect could be a function of changes in the
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-homeostatic feeding behaviour is not regulated by hunger and satiety signals but rather by the rewarding properties and motivation related to foods, and involves reward, cognitive and emotional factors. Thus, corticolimbic circuits in humans (including the striatum