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Christina Antza Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Georgios Kostopoulos Department of Endocrinology, 424 General Military Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Samiul Mostafa Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Krishnarajah Nirantharakumar Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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Abd Tahrani Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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8–9 h/night in 1960 to 7 h/night in 1995 ( Van Cauter & Knutson 2008 ). The prevalence of short sleep duration was reported as 45% in the United States in 2014, with a third of US adults not getting enough sleep (<7 h/night), which led the Centre for

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Galit Levi Dunietz Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Lucas J Tittle Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Sunni L Mumford Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Louise M O’Brien Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Ana Baylin Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Enrique F Schisterman Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Ronald D Chervin Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Larry J Young Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

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-stimulating hormone. These fluctuations lead to irregularities in the menstrual cycle and induce vasomotor symptoms, along with changes in mood, sleep, and sexual function ( El Khoudary et al. 2019 ). Also common during the menopausal transition are weight gain and

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Sophie M T Wehrens Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK

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Shelagh M Hampton Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK

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Rebecca E Finn Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK

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Debra J Skene Centre for Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK

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Physiology 264 R376 – R387 . Gangwisch JE Heymsfield SB Boden-Albala B Buijs RM Kreier F Pickering TG Rundle AG Zammit GK Malaspina D 2006 Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypertension: analyses of the first National Health

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Daniela Leite de Oliveira Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Camila Hirotsu Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Sergio Tufik Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Monica Levy Andersen Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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of 25OHD concentrations were associated with shorter sleep duration (<8 h) in female teenagers. In this study, sleep duration was assessed by self-administered questionnaires, which only provide subjective information about the sleep pattern of

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Michael Hastings Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK

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John S O’Neill Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK

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Elizabeth S Maywood Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK

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, recurrent and persistent changes are those that occur over the 24-h solar cycle. As we engage with the world during daytime wakefulness and then withdraw from it during nocturnal sleep, our bodies alternate between catabolic and anabolic states, thereby

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Jonathan D Johnston Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK

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Debra J Skene Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK

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(reviewed in Skene & Arendt (2006) ). Compared with core body temperature and cortisol rhythms, melatonin is least affected by activity, sleep, meals and stress. The timing of the rhythm can be measured by estimating the time of melatonin onset, peak or

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Shannon M Bailey Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pathology

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Uduak S Udoh Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pathology

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Martin E Young Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pathology

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such conditions, behavioral (sleep–wake and feeding–fasting), endocrine, and metabolic cycles persist in both humans and rodent models (with periodicities slightly longer and shorter than 24 h respectively) ( Aschoff 1965 , Pittendrigh & Daan 1976

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Dario R Lemos Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of

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Jodi L Downs Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of
Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of
Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of

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Martin N Raitiere Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of

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Henryk F Urbanski Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of
Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of
Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of

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adaptation to the seasonal variations that occur in a natural environment throughout the year. It is well established that circadian rhythms are intrinsic to a wide range of body functions, including the sleep–wake cycle, metabolism, immune response, and

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Eduardo Esteban-Zubero Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

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Francisco Agustín García-Gil Department of Surgery, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

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Laura López-Pingarrón Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

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Moisés Alejandro Alatorre-Jiménez Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA

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Pablo Iñigo-Gil Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

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Dun-Xian Tan Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA

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José Joaquín García Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

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Russel J Reiter Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA

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histidine–tryptophan–ketoglutarate solution (HTK) are the most frequently used preservation solutions ( Table 1 ). Euro-Collins solution was the first used, which does not contain oncotic agents but does contain glucose (impermeable to renal cells for short

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S Pearce
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H Budge
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A Mostyn
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E Genever
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R Webb
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P Ingleton
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A M Walker
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M E Symonds
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T Stephenson
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and short varieties, which result from differential splicing of a single gene transcript ( Bignon et al. 1997 ). These splice variants differ in their intracellular signalling regions, but have identical extracellular domains. In addition, studies

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