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Part I: introduction to FOXO transcription factors Classification and structure of FOXO proteins FOXO transcription factors form a subclass of the large family of Forkhead proteins characterized by the

these results to publicly available data on the genomic binding of several other islet-enriched transcription factors, in order to determine whether GLIS3 regulates pancreatic beta cell gene transcription by binding to distinct regulatory hubs with other

( Hagglund et al . 1999 ). Etv4 transcription factors belong to superfamily of E26 transformation-specific (Ets) transcription factors. The Ets transcription factors regulate expression of target genes by binding to a ∼10 bp element in the promoters of

Introduction Transcription factors (TFs) are central to almost every fundamental cellular process ( Latchman 2008 , Ladunga 2010 ) and account for ∼5–10% of genes in eukaryotes ( Reece-Hoyes et al . 2005 , Adryan & Teichmann 2006 , Ho et al

orthologs of the Drosophila gene glial cells missing) is a transcription factor which is exclusively expressed during embryonic development in the parathyroid-specific domain that later gives rise to the parathyroid glands ( Kim et al . 1998 , Günther

( Kioussi et al . 1999 ), Tpit ( Lamolet et al . 2001 ) and Prop1 ( Sornson et al . 1996 ). Figure 2 Temporal and spatial activation of pituitary transcription factors. In response to the BMP2–FGF8 ventral–dorsal gradient, pituitary cell lineages are

Introduction Transcription factors of the forkhead (FOXO) family of DNA-binding proteins are involved in regulation of diverse cellular functions, such as differentiation, metabolism, proliferation, and survival (for review see

flanking the transcription start site is extremely GC-rich, and contains numerous potential binding sites for transcription factor Sp1, a zinc-finger-containing nuclear protein that has been shown to strongly transactivate the IGF-IR promoter ( Beitner

. 2002 a , b ), also play a vital role in determining and fine-tuning the transcriptional responses in target cells. Furthermore, certain factors have emerged as important for safeguarding genomic integrity and tissue homeostasis during these rapid cycles

, a database of transcription factor-binding profiles ( http://jaspar.genereg.net ). The productions of each pair of primers covered two to four binding sites of TBX21 with score higher than 5.5. The primers for each gene were listed in Supplementary