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Noriko Tagawa Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan

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Sayaka Kubota Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan

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Ikuo Kato Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan

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Yoshiharu Kobayashi Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan

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tissue function, development, and distribution. Intracellular glucocorticoid levels are regulated by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) and 11β-HSD2. 11β-HSD1, which is abundantly expressed in the adipose tissue and in the liver, acts as

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I J Bujalska
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L L Gathercole
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J W Tomlinson
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C Darimont Division of Medical Sciences, Nestle Research Center, Pfizer Global Research and Development, The Medical School, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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J Ermolieff Division of Medical Sciences, Nestle Research Center, Pfizer Global Research and Development, The Medical School, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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A N Fanjul Division of Medical Sciences, Nestle Research Center, Pfizer Global Research and Development, The Medical School, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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P A Rejto Division of Medical Sciences, Nestle Research Center, Pfizer Global Research and Development, The Medical School, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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P M Stewart
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, specifically in omental depots, can be generated from inactive circulating cortisone (in humans) or 11-dehydrocorticosterone (in rodents) through the oxo-reductase activity of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1; Bujalska et al . 1997 b

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Noriko Tagawa
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Ryosuke Yuda
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Sayaka Kubota
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Midori Wakabayashi
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Yuko Yamaguchi
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Daisuke Kiyonaga
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Natsuko Mori
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Erika Minamitani
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Hiroaki Masuzaki Department of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan

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Yoshiharu Kobayashi
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activation is 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), which generates active glucocorticoids (cortisol in humans and corticosterone in rodents) from inactive metabolites (cortisone in humans and 11-dehydrocorticosterone in rodents; Stewart

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M Lauterburg Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland

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G Escher Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland

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B Dick Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland

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D Ackermann Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland

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F J Frey Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland

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Y Liang G Li X 2010 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors as promising therapeutic drugs for diabetes: status and development . Current Medicinal Chemistry 17 412 – 422 . doi:10.2174/092986710790226147 . Hostetter TH

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Zhen Yang
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Chunming Guo
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Ping Zhu
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Wenjiao Li
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Leslie Myatt
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Kang Sun
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, Ebert A, Zimmermann B, Kotelevtsev YV, Mullins JJ & Seckl JR 2002 Foetal lung maturation in 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 knockout mice. Hormone Metabolic Research 34 545 –549. Karalis K , Goodwin G & Majzoub

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Noriko Tagawa Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4‐19‐1 Motoyamakita‐machi, Higashinada‐ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan

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Sayaka Kubota Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4‐19‐1 Motoyamakita‐machi, Higashinada‐ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan

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Ikuo Kato Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4‐19‐1 Motoyamakita‐machi, Higashinada‐ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan

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Yoshiharu Kobayashi Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4‐19‐1 Motoyamakita‐machi, Higashinada‐ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan

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Eun Hee Koh Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Ah-Ram Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Hyunshik Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Jin Hee Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Hye-Sun Park Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Myoung Seok Ko Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Mi-Ok Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Hyuk-Joong Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Bum Joong Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Hyun Ju Yoo Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Su Jung Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Jin Sun Oh Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Chang-Yun Woo Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Jung Eun Jang Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Jaechan Leem Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Myung Hwan Cho Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Ki-Up Lee Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic‐ro 43‐gil, Songpa‐gu, Seoul 138‐736, Korea

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Eeckhoute J Lefebvre P Seckl JR 2012 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activation induces 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in human alternative macrophages . Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 32

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Julia N C Toews Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

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Geoffrey L Hammond Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

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Victor Viau Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

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HPA axis ( McNeilly et al. 2010 ). Two major hepatic glucocorticoid-metabolizing enzymes contribute to HPA tone in this way: 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD11B1) and hepatic 5α-reductase type 1 (SRD5A1). Metabolic transformations

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Dawn E W Livingstone Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Sarah L Grassick Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Gillian L Currie Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Brian R Walker Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Ruth Andrew Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK

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Introduction Tissue-specific dysregulation of the glucocorticoid-generating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) in rodent ( Livingstone et al . 2000 , Liu et al . 2003 ) and human obesity ( Bujalska et al . 1997 , Fraser

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Ana Tiganescu Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA

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Melanie Hupe Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA

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Yoshikazu Uchida Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA

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Theodora Mauro Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA

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Peter M Elias Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA

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Walter M Holleran Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, 1700 Owens Street, San Francisco, California 94158, USA

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fully understood. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) is a bidirectional enzyme that, in intact cells, generates corticosterone from 11-dehydrocorticosterone (11-DHC) in rodents (and cortisol from cortisone in humans), regulating local GC

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