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necessary ( Maiter 2019 ). Among the growth factors participating in the intra-pituitary regulation, activins have been proposed as potent inhibitors of lactotroph proliferation and prolactin secretion ( Lacerte et al. 2004 , de Guise et al. 2006
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secretion. Among them, members of the transforming growth factor-beta family (TGFβ1 and activins) were proposed as strong inhibitors of lactotroph function ( Minami & Sarkar 1997 , Sarkar et al. 1998 , Recouvreux et al. 2011 , Faraoni et al. 2020
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downstream signaling components, the ligands in this family fall into two distinct subsets: the TGFβ/activin group and the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)/Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) group ( Massague & Chen 2000 ). In the TGFβ/activin group
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luteal cells. This entire process is regulated and coordinated by endocrine hormones such as the gonadotropins, and by local growth factors in an autocrine or paracrine manner ( Richards et al. 2002 ). Activin was originally identified as a
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Introduction Activins are dimeric glycoprotein members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily ( Massague 1990 ). In pregnancy, the placenta is the major source of activin in the maternal circulation ( de Kretser et
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Introduction Activins belong to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, and signaling occurs via two types of membrane-bound receptor complexes ( Attisano et al. 1996 , Tsuchida et al. 2001 ). The two types of
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Introduction Activins belong to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of cytokines. Members of the TGF-β family are important in a variety of biological functions including cell proliferation and death, homeostasis
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neuroendocrine and endocrine regulation, pituitary gonadotropins are also subject to local paracrine regulation by activin ( Yam et al . 1999 a , Yuen & Ge 2004 ), similar to the situation in mammals ( Roberts et al . 1989 , Corrigan et al . 1991
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enhanced or reduced embryonic survival (ES) ( O'Connell et al . 2013 ). Therefore, these animals provide a powerful and unique animal model to identify maternal pathways that are potentially important for survival of the embryo. The activin pathway has
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Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Structurally related activins and inhibins coordinate the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis Inhibins were first postulated a century ago as gonadally derived hormones that could influence pituitary function and follicle-stimulating hormone