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Jinn-Yang Chen Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Deng-Yuan Jian Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
Division of Nephrology, Wen-Lin Hemodialysis Unit, Taipei, Taiwan

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Chih-Chan Lien Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Yu-Ting Lin Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Ching-Heng Ting Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Luen-Kui Chen Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Ting-Chia Hsu Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Hsuan-Min Huang Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Yu-Ting Wu Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Tse-Ting Kuan Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Yu-Wen Chao Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Heping Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Liang-Yi Wu Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung Li District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan

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Seng-Wong Huang Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Chi-Chang Juan Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Education and Research, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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growth factor (TGF)-β to promote renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis ( Kümpers et al . 2007 ). Adiponectin, another small peptide (30 kDa) secreted almost entirely by adipocytes, is the strongest predictor of stages 3–5 CKD according to the K

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Lili Guo Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Department of Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China

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Penghua Fang Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Department of Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China

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Mei Yu Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Department of Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China

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Mingyi Shi Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Department of Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China

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Ping Bo Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Department of Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Department of Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China

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Zhenwen Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Department of Physiology, Department of Physical Education, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Nantong West Street No. 98, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China

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extracellular environment into adipocytes and myocytes ( Liang et al . 2012 ). Insulin receptor-mediated signaling cascades trigger dramatic acceleration of GLUT4 exocytosis and inhibition of its endocytosis to recruit GLUT4 onto the cell surface, resulting in

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Amy Warner AstraZeneca, Center of Brain, CVMD IMED, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden

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Jens Mittag AstraZeneca, Center of Brain, CVMD IMED, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden

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diabetes. Three kinds of fat To date, three major types of adipose tissue have been identified. White adipose tissue (WAT) is characterized by large white adipocytes with few mitochondria, and can be found in mice predominantly around the gonads (gonadal

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Esther Paulo Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Dongmei Wu Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Peter Hecker Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Yun Zhang Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Biao Wang Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Introduction Two types of UCP1 + adipocytes have been characterized by their differences in anatomic localization, developmental origin and molecular signature in rodents ( Harms & Seale 2013 , Kajimura et al. 2015 ). The classical brown

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Johanna L Barclay School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Hadiya Agada School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Christina Jang School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Micheal Ward School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Neil Wetzig School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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Ken K Y Ho School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
School of Medicine, Mater Research Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia

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in weight gain and obesity. GCs increase body fat mass through several mechanisms. They stimulate the recruitment of preadipocytes to mature white adipocytes (WAs), interacting with other hormones such as insulin to activate a program of WA

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Jun Huang Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Rita Sharma Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Sohana Siyar Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Vishva Sharma Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Vishwajeet Puri Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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Kevin Y Lee Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA

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within a single adipose tissue depot both BAT and WAT adipose progenitor and adipocyte populations are heterogeneous in gene expression and function. Lineage tracing analyses have also indicated that preadipocytes have different developmental sources

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Mark A Exley Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Thorn Bldg, 1405, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Thorn Bldg, 1405, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA

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Laura Hand Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Thorn Bldg, 1405, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA

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Donal O'Shea Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Thorn Bldg, 1405, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA

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Lydia Lynch Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Thorn Bldg, 1405, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA

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between the adipose immune network and the stromal and adipocyte components of this tissue are only now unfolding. The two main WAT depots are the visceral (including the omentum; ∼10% of body total) and subcutaneous (∼85%) adipose tissue beds, although

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Koichiro Taguchi Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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Kazuo Kajita Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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Yoshihiko Kitada Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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Masayuki Fuwa Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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Motochika Asano Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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Takahide Ikeda Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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Toshiko Kajita Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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Tatsuo Ishizuka Department of General Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu, Japan

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Itaru Kojima Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan

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Hiroyuki Morita Department of General Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan

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Introduction Numerous investigations have contributed to the elucidation of adipocyte differentiation. It has been proposed that adipogenesis, which comprises the whole process of adipocyte formation, consists of at least two steps

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Zhe-Zhen Liao Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China

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Xiao-Yan Qi Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China

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Ya-Di Wang Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China

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Jiao-Yang Li Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China

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Qian-Qian Gu Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China

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Can Hu Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China

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Yin Hu Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China

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Heng Sun Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China

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Li Ran Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China

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Jing Yang Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China

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Jiang-Hua Liu Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China

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Xin-Hua Xiao Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China

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excess energy is stored as fat in white adipose tissue (WAT). However, recent studies indicated that white adipocytes can undergo ‘beiging’ process to generate heat. The cells involved in the ‘beiging’ process, are known as beige adipocytes, have similar

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Sujith Rajan Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Kripa Shankar Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Muheeb Beg Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Salil Varshney Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Abhishek Gupta Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Ankita Srivastava Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Durgesh Kumar Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Raj K Mishra SIPS Superspeciality Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Zakir Hussain Division of Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Jiaur R Gayen Division of Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Anil N Gaikwad Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

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. In this study for the first time, we have shown the effects of hyperinsulinemia on differentiated and characterized brown adipocytes. Basal chronic hyperinsulinemia (500pM insulin exposure for 72h) causes insulin resistance in both white and brown

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