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Departamento de Fisiología, Urología, Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Sciences, Department of Urology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
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Androgen receptor and vascular cells Androgens are male sex hormones that are critical for the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system. Given the extensive role of androgens in normal physiology, abnormal androgen activity has
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Departments of Medicine and Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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of bone and body composition with many aspects of the regulation of these tissues being shared between mice and humans. We, and others, have shown in mice that the actions of testosterone to decrease fat mass are mediated via the androgen receptor (AR
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Department of Medicine, Case Cardiovascular Institute Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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) has been applied and patients indeed showed improvement in heart functions ( Vigna & Bergami 2005 , Kang et al . 2012 ). Due to this dilemma, recent studies were shifted to the effects of the androgen receptor (AR) rather than androgens on CVDs, as
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Introduction The androgen receptor (AR; Fig. 1 ) is a steroid hormone receptor that plays a critical role in prostate cancer (PC) progression and development. In addition, it can also cause spinal bulbar muscular dystrophy (commonly referred to as
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Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Human Reproduction, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, PO Box 693, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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and female fertility has undergone considerable change. Androgens have traditionally been considered detrimental to ovarian function and are often associated with infertility. However, development of different types of androgen receptor (AR) knockout
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Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G3
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-type (Wt) or vehicle (VEH)-treated females, show increased specific activity of complexes I–IV of the respiratory chain measured in nmol/min per mg protein. L141 females, which overexpress androgen receptor to a greater extent, show greater increases in
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ABSTRACT
Rat, human, and mouse tissues were stained immunohistochemically using mono- and polyclonal androgen receptor antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies were raised in rats and used to stain human and mouse tissues; polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits and used to stain rat tissues. Frozen tissue sections were incubated with the appropriate androgen receptor antibody and staining was completed by the indirect avidin-biotin peroxidase method. A comprehensive survey of rat and mouse tissues was performed. Antibody staining was found exclusively in the nucleus of certain specific cell types, suggesting that the androgen receptor is a nuclear protein.
All male sexual organs in the rat showed strong positive nuclear staining for androgen receptor. Weaker positive reactions were seen in kidney, liver, adrenal cortex and pituitary gland. Furthermore, positive staining for androgen receptor was exhibited in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle cells, and central nervous tissue. Female reproductive organs also contained androgen receptor-positive cells. The spleen was found to be the only organ examined which did not stain for androgen receptor. The monoclonal antibody could also demonstrate androgen receptor-positive cells in a human prostatic cancer and in a prostate with benign hyperplasia. These data demonstrate the use of antibodies in revealing cellular/subcellular distribution of androgen receptor in target tissues.
Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 126, 17–25
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Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Laboratory for Ageing Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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actions through the androgen receptor (AR) are key mediators in the development of PCOS ( Walters et al. 2019 ). Androgen production is up to 20 times greater from theca cells derived from PCOS patients ( Gilling-Smith et al. 1994 ), and clinical
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Introduction Androgens are pleiotropic hormones which bind with high affinity and specificity to androgen receptors (ARs) to regulate both reproductive and other tissues. In the uterus, androgen-target cells include stromal fibroblasts and
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target cells but before it can perform its specific function by binding to the androgen receptor (AR), testosterone can either be metabolized into estradiol by aromatase or into dihydrotestosterone by 5α-reductase. To maintain the appropriate
