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Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin – Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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nitric oxide (NO) production. In pregnancy, there are changes in levels of many growth factors and cytokines as compared to the non-pregnant state, and further changes occur in PE compared to normal pregnancies. Stimulation of kinase signaling cascades
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hot topic in recent years ( Liang et al . 2013 ). As an inflammatory hormone-like molecule/inflammatory cytokine, UII plays a crucial role in inflammation ( Liu et al . 2015 a , b ). Roles of UII in inflammatory diseases Vascular
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Department of General Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
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proinflammatory cytokine, which is also thought to be an important aspect of IBS ( Barbara et al. 2012 , Dlugosz et al. 2015 , Nozu et al. 2017 b ). Actually, plasma proinflammatory cytokine and serum LPS are increased in IBS ( Dinan et al. 2006
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Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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phosphorylation in osteocytes is elevated. STAT3 is a ubiquitous intracellular transcription factor that is phosphorylated by multiple bone-active cytokines, and its signalling receives negative feedback from the intracellular inhibitor suppressor of cytokine
Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Introduction Class-I helical cytokines are considered a monophyletic group, although they share little primary sequence identity ( Bazan 1990 b ). This implies that a single ancestral gene that expanded by successive gene
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repair is beyond the scope of this review and the reader is referred to the following papers ( Galbo 2000 , Kjaer & Lange 2000 , Crewther et al . 2011 ). The effect of exercise on cytokine expression Based upon the increases in circulating
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). However, the processes involved are not fully understood, especially the triggers/activators of labour. Local pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokines have been implicated in the pathophysiology of human labour since the 1980s; with more recent data
Hannover Medical School, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Introduction The pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and IFNγ, are putative mediators of the progressive loss of pancreatic β-cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus. These cytokines are released by macrophages and T
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Cytokines have traditionally been the concern of biologists interested in immunology, cancer and inflammatory disease, but over the past few years have been appearing with increasing regularity in the endocrinology literature. It has now been demonstrated that several cytokines appear in the general circulation, are produced by endocrine glands and can exert activities at sites distant from their synthesis. Thus, it may now be time to consider the role of the cytokines in endocrinology.
General history of cytokines
The cytokine family is a large, and seemingly everexpanding group of polypeptides which includes the interleukins (IL) (numbered 1–10), tumour necrosis factors (TNF) (α and β) and interferons. They have numerous and diverse actions on many cell types, but are most noted for their effects on cells of the immune system (see Hopkins, 1990; Dinarello, 1990 for recent reviews of general cytokine biology). The complexity of cytokine actions results partly
Chemical Biology and Therapeutics Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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, respectively) are substituted with the cytokine-inducible β1i, 2i and 5i subunits (also termed Psmb9/LMP2, Psmb10/MECL-1 and Psmb8/LMP7, respectively) (Ferrington & Gregerson 2012). The i-proteasome lid function is fulfilled by complexing with the 11S
