either glucagon or insulin alone ( Glinsmann & Mortimore 1968 , Mackrell & Sokal 1969 ). Normally, the glucagon:insulin ratio increases during fasting, leading to a predominant glucagon signal, which increases hepatic intracellular concentrations of the
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Jennifer H Stern, Gordon I Smith, Shiuwei Chen, Roger H Unger, Samuel Klein, and Philipp E Scherer
Aline Cordeiro, Luana Lopes de Souza, Lorraine Soares Oliveira, Larissa Costa Faustino, Letícia Aragão Santiago, Flavia Fonseca Bloise, Tania Maria Ortiga-Carvalho, Norma Aparecida dos Santos Almeida, and Carmen Cabanelas Pazos-Moura
. 2008 ). These punctual contributions are extremely valuable to understand the essential role of SIRT1 in adaptation to calorie restriction and fasting, conditions that are able to trigger SIRT1 protein expression in various tissues ( Cohen et al . 2004
Eva B Nygaard, Cathrine Ørskov, Thomas Almdal, Henrik Vestergaard, and Birgitte Andersen
diabetes and obesity as reviewed in ( Kharitonenkov & Adams 2014 , Sonoda et al . 2017 ). However, the physiological role of FGF21 is still not fully understood. In mice, plasma FGF21 has been found to be increased in response to fasting ( Inagaki et
F Aréchiga-Ceballos, E Alvarez-Salas, G Matamoros-Trejo, M I Amaya, C García-Luna, and P de Gortari
pro-corticotropin-releasing factor (proCRF), which regulate the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) and hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axes. This responsiveness was assessed after the known 48 h fasting-induced shift in leptin and corticosterone
Anna H Kongsted, Sanne V Husted, Malin P Thygesen, Vibeke G Christensen, Dominique Blache, Anders Tolver, Torben Larsen, Bjørn Quistorff, and Mette O Nielsen
-gestation undernutrition on metabolic and endocrine plasticity can be assessed relatively early in life (adolescence) by exposure to challenges reflecting stressful conditions (adrenalin tolerance test) with scarcity of feed (fasting) requiring hepatic gluconeogenesis
N Govoni, R De Iasio, C Cocco, A Parmeggiani, G Galeati, U Pagotto, C Brancia, M Spinaci, C Tamanini, R Pasquali, G-L Ferri, and E Seren
of oxyntic glands in various farm animals, and abundant in cardiac and pyloric glands in swine ( Hayashida et al. 2001 ). Circulating ghrelin levels depend on acute and chronic changes in energy balance, fasting increasing and feeding decreasing its
Tiffany K Miles, Ana Rita Silva Moreira, Melody L Allensworth-James, Angela K Odle, Anessa C Haney, Angus M MacNicol, Melanie C MacNicol, and Gwen V Childs
prolonged fasting, can result in stunted growth in children under 5, anemia in women of reproductive age and adults who are underweight ( Fanzo et al. 2018 ). Leptin and ghrelin are two major metabolic signals of energy homeostasis. Leptin is secreted by
Patricia Joseph-Bravo, Lorraine Jaimes-Hoy, Rosa-María Uribe, and Jean-Louis Charli
). TH inhibit TSH secretion even faster than TRH or TSH transcription. This response may be related to the rapid up-regulation of expression and activity of the TRH-degrading enzyme by T 4 in tanycytes. Increased inactivation of TRH released from the ME
Claudia E Robert-Cooperman, Grace C Dougan, Shari L Moak, Mark G Athanason, Melanie N Kuehl, Harris Bell-Temin, Stanley M Stevens Jr, and Brant R Burkhardt
delivery. This model revealed fasting hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and elevated corticosterone levels. Li et al . (2011) derived a similar adenoviral-delivered overexpressing model with different results, and did not observe glucose intolerance
E M de Vries, H C van Beeren, M T Ackermans, A Kalsbeek, E Fliers, and A Boelen
( Boelen et al . 2006 ). Whether NTIS is an adaptive or maladaptive response is still a matter of debate. Fasting leads to a central downregulation of the HPT axis, characterized by increased type 2 deiodinase expression in hypothalamic tanycytes which