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. 1996 , Ebrahimi et al. 2013 , Hagobian et al. 2013 ), possibly due to menstrual cycle-dependent fluctuations in metabolic hormones in females. Specifically, plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and insulin concentrations are lower and peptide YY

caused by a variety of factors such as menopause, surgical ovariectomy, and chemotherapy. In females, insufficient energy intake leads to body weight loss that also causes hypoestrogenic menstrual abnormalities. The female athlete triad, low energy

metabolism of hormones ( Sweeney 2002 , Sanderson 2006 ). EDCs have been shown to disrupt female fertility in a wide range of species including humans ( Figs 1 and 2 ) ( Woodruff & Walker 2008 , Patel et al . 2015 ). Multiple recent reviews have

. 2004 ). Besides the decreased behavioral inhibition in novel and averse environments, previous study showed that daily handling of the offspring during the first 10 days of life reduced the sexual behavior of male and female rats ( Padoin et al

Introduction Abnormal exposure to steroid hormones within a critical developmental period elicits various permanent alterations in female reproductive physiology in rodents ( Dorner 1981 ). The effects of neonatal androgens, estrogens, and endocrine

Introduction Conspecifics' excretions can impact mammalian females' reproductive state in many ways. Male excretions can accelerate female sexual development ( Vandenbergh 1967 , Harder & Jackson 2003 ), terminate pregnancies sired by other males

studies have investigated diabetic female rats. The number of kisspeptin-, NKB-, and Dyn-ir cells in the ARC remained unchanged in female rats with diabetes induced by both STZ and HFD ( Ziarniak et al. 2018 ). In another report, the number of Dyn

). The association between MetS risk factors, especially obesity and insulin resistance, and ovarian dysfunction has been reported in female mice ( Wu et al . 2014 b ), rats ( Sanchez-Garrido et al . 2015 ), and mini pigs ( Newell-Fugate et al . 2014

) and the first-degree female relatives of women with PCOS are at a high risk of developing PCOS ( Kahsar-Miller et al . 2001 , Sir-Petermann et al . 2007 ), suggesting an interaction between genetic susceptibility and the influence of the maternal

Animals Twenty-four female New Zealand White female rabbits were separated into six groups of four rabbits each. Group 1 served as controls. Groups 2–6 were ovariectomized. Two weeks after ovariectomy (Ovx), groups 3–6 were given 17-β estradiol