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tissues and the consequent tissue inflammation are responsible for obesity-related insulin resistance. Macrophages are infiltrating immune cells that are central to initiating and orchestrating obesity-induced local inflammation. The importance of
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arthritis, the role of endogenous corticosteroids in regulating inflammation is less well understood ( Coutinho & Chapman 2011 ). Nevertheless, macrophages have emerged as a key target for the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of endogenous
Chronic Disease Program, Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6
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Chronic Disease Program, Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6
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Chronic Disease Program, Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6
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Chronic Disease Program, Departments of Medicine and of Biochemistry, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6
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Introduction Obesity-associated insulin resistance is related to adipose tissue inflammation, characterized by macrophage infiltration and altered adipose tissue remodeling, including adipocyte hypertrophy ( Weisberg et al . 2003 , Xu et al
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Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Drug Discovery Center, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
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effective approaches for treatment and/or prevention of obesity-associated metabolic diseases. Since the discovery of macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue of mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) ( Weisberg et al. 2003 , Xu et al. 2003 ), a
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Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
The Laboratory of Lipid & Glucose Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Department of Geriatrics, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangshu, China
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Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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such as macrophages and neutrophils ( Gessi et al. 2000 , Haskó et al. 2008 ). Previous studies have validated a critical role for A 2A R in the pathophysiology of NAFLD/NASH. Specifically, A 2A R activation is shown to ameliorate NASH phenotype in
Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Research Center for Probiotics, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Research Center for Probiotics, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Research Center for Probiotics, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Hebei Engineering Research Center of Animal Product, Sanhe, China
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Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Research Center for Probiotics, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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. Previous studies indicated that hepatic infiltration of macrophages is the major cause of inflammatory responses in the pathology of NASH ( Mridha et al . 2017 ). In terms of decreasing NASN-related inflammation, acetate, propionate, or butyrate inhibited
Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
Department of General Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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inhibition of epithelial MR and associated adverse effects ( Tesch & Young 2017 ). Specifically, we identified monocyte-macrophages as a key cell type in which MR regulates pro-inflammatory cytokine release, ECM degradation and exacerbation of cardiac
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The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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, insulin, and growth hormone ( Lee et al. 2019 ). Adipocyte hypertrophy, the primary driver of fat expansion during the development of obesity, is positively associated with adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) infiltration in visceral fat ( Weisberg et al
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. In addition to preadipocytes and adipocytes, adipose tissue contains macrophages (adipose tissue macrophages; ATMs). Their numbers and activation states vary with the extent of adiposity ( Weisberg et al . 2003 , Xu et al . 2003 , Lumeng et al
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and follicular development ( Aguado 2002 ). The sympathetic nervous system enters the spleen by periarteriolar pathways and terminates in T-cell and macrophage areas ( Straub 2004 ). In addition to the presence of adrenergic receptors in these