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Introduction Both energetic supply and demand fluctuate as a function of time-of-day, concomitant with daily sleep–wake and fasting–feeding cycles. It is therefore not surprising that marked diurnal variations in metabolism are observed at multiple

, differentiation, survival, metabolism, and immunity ( Adams 2001 , Manning et al. 2002 ). Protein kinases regulate the biological activity of other proteins by transferring a γ-phosphate group from an ATP molecule to a specific serine/threonine residue or a

relationship between p53, metabolism and metabolic diseases has become a new focal point for p53 researchers ( Sano et al . 2007 , Vousden & Ryan 2009 , Berkers et al . 2013 ). This review will cover the role of p53 in metabolism, with focus on its role in

regenerative potential ( Cao et al. 2019 , Cardoso et al. 2020 , Amram et al. 2021 , Graham & Huang 2021 ). Since thyroid hormones are traditionally recognized for their classical roles in regulating animal metabolism and body temperature ( Maillet et

is not surprising that the PKA-axis plays a central role in metabolism and energy balance. Dynamic regulation of the PKA system Molecular genetic techniques have enabled the generation of mouse models to investigate the specificity and

et al. 1999 ). Because adiponectin is a crucial factor in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress, reduced adiponectin levels play a causal role in the development of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome

(CNS) for controlling the metabolism of the entire body, being responsible for integrating hormonal and nutritional signals from the periphery and for coordinating appropriate responses associated with the individual nutritional status ( Bouret

Physiological role of the gut microbiota Nutrient metabolism and absorption Degradation of indigestible polysaccharides Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolites generated from the fermentation of insoluble dietary fiber and

their precise spatial and temporal control. Remarkably, physiological functions such as longitudinal bone growth, bone remodelling, chondrocyte metabolism and cartilage matrix turnover exhibit 24-h rhythms, being controlled by the peripheral circadian

styles would abolish normal hepatic rhythmicity, leading to metabolic diseases ( Ferrell & Chiang 2015 ). Hepatic metabolism responds sensitively to external changes. For instance, thermoneutral housing (30°C) exacerbates nonalcoholic fatty liver