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Xianghui Meng Chinese Medicine Hospital in Linyi City, Linyi, China

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Shuhang Xu Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Guofang Chen Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Michael Derwahl Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, St. Hedwig Hospital, Berlin, Germany

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Chao Liu Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Introduction Metformin, the most widely used antidiabetic drug, is considered as the cornerstone of type 2 diabetes treatments. Surprisingly, a few years ago, it has been reported that serum TSH level in hypothyroid patients decreased in

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Mi-Hyun Kim
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Jae-Hwan Jee Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, 50 Ilwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea

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Sunyoung Park
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Myung-Shik Lee Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, 50 Ilwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea

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Kwang-Won Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, 50 Ilwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea

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Moon-Kyu Lee Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, 50 Ilwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea

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). Metformin, a biguanide that was introduced as an anti-diabetic agent, acts through inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis and stimulation of glucose uptake into peripheral tissues ( Sarabia et al . 1992 , Radziuk et al . 1997 ). Recently, metformin has

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Xuemei Tang Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing
Department of Integrated Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Jingwen Li Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing
Department of Integrated Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Wei Xiang Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing

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Ye Cui Department of Integrated Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Bin Xie Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Daping Hospital & Institute of Surgery Research, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Xiaodong Wang Institute of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Zihui Xu Department of Integrated Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China

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Lixia Gan Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing

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Introduction Metformin is the first-line antihyperglycemia agent for T2DM patients. The mechanisms by which metformin improves glycemic control is mainly by reducing hepatic glucose production, and to a lesser extent, via enhancing peripheral

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Bee K Tan Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

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Jing Chen Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

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Raghu Adya Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

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Manjunath Ramanjaneya Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

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Vanlata Patel Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

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Harpal S Randeva Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK

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in subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue(s) of women with PCOS. Furthermore, we studied the effects of glucose and metformin on adipolin protein production in human subcutaneous adipose tissue explants. Subjects and methods Subjects All women with

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Min Hu Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Yuehui Zhang Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory and Unit of Infertility in Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China

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Jiaxing Feng Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory and Unit of Infertility in Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China

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Xue Xu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory and Unit of Infertility in Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China

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Jiao Zhang Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Second Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China

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Wei Zhao Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory and Unit of Infertility in Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China

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Xiaozhu Guo Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory and Unit of Infertility in Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China

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Juan Li Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Edvin Vestin Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Peng Cui Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Lab of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Acupuncture Research (WHO Collaborating Center for Traditional Medicine), Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Institute of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xin Li Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Gynecology Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China

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Xiao-ke Wu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory and Unit of Infertility in Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China

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Mats Brännström Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Linus R Shao Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Håkan Billig Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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et al. 2013 , Tapia-Pizarro et al. 2017 ), it remains to be determined whether suppression of MAPK/ERK signaling occurs in the endometrium and whether such dysregulation can negatively impact uterine function under PCOS conditions. Metformin is

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Eloise A Bradley Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

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Dino Premilovac Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

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Andrew C Betik Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

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Donghua Hu Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

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Emily Attrill School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

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Stephen M Richards Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

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Stephen Rattigan Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

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Michelle A Keske Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

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Introduction Metformin is the most common first-line oral glucose-lowering pharmacological therapy for people with type 2 diabetes ( Bailey & Turner 1996 , Gunton & Twigg 2003 , Inzucchi et al. 2015 a , b ). It is primarily known for

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Daniela Álvarez Laboratorio de Alteraciones Reproductivas y Metabólicas, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral (CNPC), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile

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Karina Ceballo Laboratorio de Alteraciones Reproductivas y Metabólicas, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral (CNPC), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile

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Sofía Olguín Laboratorio de Alteraciones Reproductivas y Metabólicas, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral (CNPC), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile

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Jonathan Martinez-Pinto Laboratorio de Neuroquímica y Neurofarmacología, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral (CNPC), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile

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Manuel Maliqueo Department of Medicine West Division, Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile

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Daniela Fernandois Laboratorio de Alteraciones Reproductivas y Metabólicas, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral (CNPC), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile

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Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate Laboratorio de Neuroquímica y Neurofarmacología, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral (CNPC), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile

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Gonzalo Cruz Laboratorio de Alteraciones Reproductivas y Metabólicas, Centro de Neurobiología y Plasticidad Cerebral (CNPC), Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile

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. Administration of metformin (a biguanide used to treat insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus 2) to obese pregnant rats reportedly reduces fetal liver inflammation ( Harris et al. 2016 ), preventing liver alterations developing in offspring growing in an

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Gary J Remington Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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Celine Teo Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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Virginia Wilson Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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Araba Chintoh Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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Melanie Guenette Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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Zohra Ahsan Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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Adria Giacca Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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Margaret K Hahn Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Psychiatry, Department of Physiology, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R8

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remains as to whether anti-diabetic drugs are efficacious in reversing these direct molecular effects. Metformin (Met), a first-line treatment in the general population for pre-diabetes and DM2 ( Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines

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Hong Xu Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, China

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Yang Zhou Liver Cirrhosis Section, Department of Hepatology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yongxia Liu Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, China

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Jian Ping Liver Cirrhosis Section, Department of Hepatology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Qiyang Shou Experimental Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China

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Fangming Chen Experimental Animal Research Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China

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Ru Ruo Department of Pathology, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, China

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the inactive state (GPb). The activation of GS and the depletion of GPa finally result in the stimulation of glycogen synthesis ( Agius 2015 ). Metformin, a potent biguanide hypoglycemic agent, has been clinically used for over five decades and is

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Piotr Zabielski Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland

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Marta Chacinska Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland

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Karol Charkiewicz Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
Department of Perinatology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland

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Marcin Baranowski Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland

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Jan Gorski Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland

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Agnieszka U Blachnio-Zabielska Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland

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of associated enzymes and correlate lipid variables with skeletal muscle IR in HFD-fed rats. We used the well-defined experimental model of HFD-induced skeletal muscle IR in rat and employed commonly prescribed insulin sensitizer, metformin, to

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