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Eloise A Bradley Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

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Dino Premilovac Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

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Andrew C Betik Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

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Donghua Hu Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

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Emily Attrill School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

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Stephen M Richards Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

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Stephen Rattigan Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

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Michelle A Keske Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

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et al. 2017 ) and increase glucose disposal to skeletal muscle ( Magalhaes et al. 2006 , Kristensen et al. 2014 ). Thus, the actions of metformin to lower blood glucose are multifactorial and despite its clinical use for the past 60 years, the

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Soo Yeon Jang Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Kyung Mook Choi Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Introduction The world population is rapidly aging. Maintaining independence in daily living in old age is one of the main interests in geriatric medicine, and keeping the bones and muscles healthy is crucial to a longer health span

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Craig L Doig School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Jamila Bashir School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Agnieszka E Zielinska School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Mark S Cooper School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Paul M Stewart School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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Gareth G Lavery School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK

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identified. Basal NF-κB signalling plays a fundamental role in skeletal muscle myogenesis; however, during prolonged inflammatory stress, TNFα-mediated NF-κB activity can abrogate myogenesis, inhibiting differentiation and increasing catabolic processes

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Laura D Brown Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), Perinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus F441, 13243 East 23rd Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA

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fetal organ system is affected in IUGR, skeletal muscle growth is particularly vulnerable because blood flow and nutrient supplies are preferentially shunted to vital organs in response to decreasing fetal oxygenation ( Tchirikov et al . 1998 , Yajnik

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Ferran Jardí Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Michaël R Laurent Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Vanessa Dubois Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Nari Kim Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Rougin Khalil Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Brigitte Decallonne Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Dirk Vanderschueren Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Frank Claessens Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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non-reproductive tissues, including brain, muscle, adipose tissue and bone. Testosterone, the principal circulating androgen, may stimulate the androgen receptor (AR) either directly, or indirectly following 5 alpha-reduction to dihydrotestosterone

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Daniella B R Insuela Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Nutrição, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040‐360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Julio B Daleprane Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Nutrição, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040‐360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Luciana P Coelho Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Nutrição, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040‐360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Adriana R Silva Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Nutrição, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040‐360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Patrícia M R e Silva Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Nutrição, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040‐360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Marco A Martins Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Nutrição, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040‐360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Vinicius F Carvalho Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto de Nutrição, Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, n° 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040‐360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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. 2004 , Authier & Desbuquois 2008 , Altarejos & Montminy 2011 ). cAMP regulates several airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell functions, including proliferation, migration, secretion of inflammatory mediators, and production of extracellular matrix

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Cynthia L Blanco Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics

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Alvaro G Moreira Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics

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Lisa L McGill-Vargas Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics

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Diana G Anzueto Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics

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Peter Nathanielsz Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics

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Nicolas Musi Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics
Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics
Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics

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exposure during pregnancy impacts placental growth factors and insulin signaling pathways during late gestation ( Ain et al . 2005 , Jellyman et al . 2012 ). In the fetal sheep, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) was increased in skeletal muscle when GCs were

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Anita Boelen Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Anne H van der Spek Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Flavia Bloise Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Emmely M de Vries Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Olga V Surovtseva Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Mieke van Beeren Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Mariette T Ackermans Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Joan Kwakkel Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Eric Fliers Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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-converting enzymes. Among the most important, thyroid hormone transporters are MCT8 and MCT10. MCT8 transports both T 4 and T 3 and is expressed in liver, muscle, kidney and in many brain areas ( Alkemade et al . 2005 , Heuer et al . 2005 ), whereas MCT10

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Maria Carolina S Mendes Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), MA: 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Gustavo D Pimentel Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), MA: 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Felipe O Costa Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), MA: 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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José B C Carvalheira Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), MA: 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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-discipline, whilst the perception of potential harm and loss of control is related to changing body states, such as the development of obesity and especially cachexia ( Chamberlain 2004 ). Patients' and their families' perception of muscle wasting makes the disease

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A M Solomon Department of Endocrinology, Royal Free Hospital and Medical School, Pond Street, London NW3 2PF, UK

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P M G Bouloux Department of Endocrinology, Royal Free Hospital and Medical School, Pond Street, London NW3 2PF, UK

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Introduction Endocrine factors influence muscle growth and development throughout life and states of hormonal excess or deficiency adversely affect both muscle structure and function ( Veldhuis et al. 2005 ). This review examines

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