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School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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et al. 2017 ) and increase glucose disposal to skeletal muscle ( Magalhaes et al. 2006 , Kristensen et al. 2014 ). Thus, the actions of metformin to lower blood glucose are multifactorial and despite its clinical use for the past 60 years, the
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Introduction The world population is rapidly aging. Maintaining independence in daily living in old age is one of the main interests in geriatric medicine, and keeping the bones and muscles healthy is crucial to a longer health span
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identified. Basal NF-κB signalling plays a fundamental role in skeletal muscle myogenesis; however, during prolonged inflammatory stress, TNFα-mediated NF-κB activity can abrogate myogenesis, inhibiting differentiation and increasing catabolic processes
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fetal organ system is affected in IUGR, skeletal muscle growth is particularly vulnerable because blood flow and nutrient supplies are preferentially shunted to vital organs in response to decreasing fetal oxygenation ( Tchirikov et al . 1998 , Yajnik
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Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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non-reproductive tissues, including brain, muscle, adipose tissue and bone. Testosterone, the principal circulating androgen, may stimulate the androgen receptor (AR) either directly, or indirectly following 5 alpha-reduction to dihydrotestosterone
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. 2004 , Authier & Desbuquois 2008 , Altarejos & Montminy 2011 ). cAMP regulates several airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell functions, including proliferation, migration, secretion of inflammatory mediators, and production of extracellular matrix
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Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics
Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics
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exposure during pregnancy impacts placental growth factors and insulin signaling pathways during late gestation ( Ain et al . 2005 , Jellyman et al . 2012 ). In the fetal sheep, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) was increased in skeletal muscle when GCs were
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-converting enzymes. Among the most important, thyroid hormone transporters are MCT8 and MCT10. MCT8 transports both T 4 and T 3 and is expressed in liver, muscle, kidney and in many brain areas ( Alkemade et al . 2005 , Heuer et al . 2005 ), whereas MCT10
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-discipline, whilst the perception of potential harm and loss of control is related to changing body states, such as the development of obesity and especially cachexia ( Chamberlain 2004 ). Patients' and their families' perception of muscle wasting makes the disease
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Introduction Endocrine factors influence muscle growth and development throughout life and states of hormonal excess or deficiency adversely affect both muscle structure and function ( Veldhuis et al. 2005 ). This review examines