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Introduction Obesity-associated insulin resistance (IR) is characterized by both hyperinsulinemia and hyperglucagonemia and is a key risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Although abnormalities in insulin action have been

Introduction Hormonal disturbance, in either secretion amount or function, often occurs in parallel with impairment of glucose/lipid/protein metabolism in obesity. Two pivotal hormones, insulin and growth hormone (GH), which synergistically

Background Within the current global crisis of obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m 2 ), women of reproductive age represent a group with the steepest rises in obesity rates over recent decades ( NCD Risk Factor Collaboration 2016 ). In the United Kingdom

Introduction Obesity is a devastating condition of pandemic dimensions. In 2015, there were 107.7 million obese children and 603.7 million obese adults worldwide ( Afshin et al. 2017 ), and this number is expected to rise. Overweight and

It is well known that obesity is associated with a number of metabolic end organ dysfunctions, including hypertension. However, less well understood is the mechanism by which obesity leads to elevated blood pressure. Various hypotheses have

Introduction In the past two decades, the world has seen a sustained increase in obesity, and the levels of overweight and obese persons worldwide have reached epidemic proportions ( Finucane et al . 2011 ). It is well established that obesity

Introduction The prevalence of obesity and the subsequent adverse effects of associated co-morbidities has risen significantly in recent years, placing a substantial financial and social burden on societies worldwide ( Ng et al . 2014

and to program gene expression in key metabolic pathways, such as fatty acids and glucose metabolism ( Levin & Govek 1998 , King 2006 , Shankar et al . 2008 , Geraghty et al . 2016 ). Emerging evidence suggests that maternal obesity caused by

Introduction Obesity is a chronic inflammatory disease with an ever-increasing prevalence. Excessive and ectopic fat accumulation leads to adverse health effects and reduced life span. Obesity is originally defined by the BMI (BMI = weight

Introduction Obesity is an important independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, and it is associated with high morbidity and mortality ( Friedman 2003 ). Although a range of therapies have been developed, these