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Lingyun Lu Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China

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Li Tian Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China

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( Li et al. 2021 ). Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are common public health problems that tend to coexist in older individuals. A syndrome termed ‘osteosarcopenia’ was previously described ( Clynes et al. 2021 ), in which there is a strong link between

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Lina Lawenius Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Hannah Colldén Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Karin Horkeby Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Jianyao Wu Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Louise Grahnemo Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Liesbeth Vandenput Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia

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Claes Ohlsson Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Klara Sjögren Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Introduction Osteoporosis is a debilitating disease affecting one in two women and one in five men after 50 years of age ( Sambrook & Cooper 2006 ). Both men and women lose bone in an age-dependent manner because of decreasing sex hormone

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Louise Grahnemo Departments of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden

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Caroline Jochems Departments of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
Departments of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden

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Annica Andersson Departments of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden

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Cecilia Engdahl Departments of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
Departments of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden

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Claes Ohlsson Departments of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden

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Ulrika Islander Departments of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden

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Hans Carlsten Departments of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden

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without glucocorticoid treatment, these women have a high risk of developing osteoporosis; approximately 20% of women in Europe over 50 years of age are affected by postmenopausal osteoporosis. The lifetime fracture risk in these women is over 45

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Bernard Freudenthal Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK

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John Logan Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Sanger Institute Mouse Pipelines Mouse Pipelines, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK

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Peter I Croucher Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Graham R Williams Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK

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J H Duncan Bassett Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Introduction A novel strategy for osteoporosis gene discovery Studies of human monogenic extreme phenotype disorders have been instrumental in discovering genetic and molecular mechanisms of common diseases including obesity and diabetes

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Qin Yin Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China

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Jun Gu Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China

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Pengju Ren Department of Orthopedics, The Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Zhiqiang Guan Department of Dermatology, Xuzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China

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Yongxiang Wang Department of Orthopedics, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
Department of Orthopedics, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital, Yangzhou, China

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Ruijun Bai Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China

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Yu Liu Department of Orthopedics, Wuxi Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China

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Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) and osteoporosis (OP) are prevalent musculoskeletal disorders that contribute to disability in the elderly ( Oliveira et al. 2020 ). Numerous studies have predicted a seven-fold increase in the incidence of

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Sonu Khanka Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Charul Somani Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur-Rajasthan, India

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Kriti Sharma Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Shivani Sharma Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Akhilesh Kumar Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility & Research, Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India

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Naibedya Chattopadhyay Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Sanjeev K Kanojiya Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility & Research, Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India

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Dinesh Kumar Yadav Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur-Rajasthan, India

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Divya Singh Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Introduction Osteoporosis is a major medical and socioeconomic problem among elderly people, particularly affecting postmenopausal women. Impaired bone mass, strength and deterioration of bone microarchitecture are consequences associated with

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Wang Xiao Departments of Orthopaedics, Gynaecology, Department of Orthopaedic Research Institution, Department of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, 215004 Suzhou, China

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Fei Beibei Departments of Orthopaedics, Gynaecology, Department of Orthopaedic Research Institution, Department of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, 215004 Suzhou, China

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Shen Guangsi Departments of Orthopaedics, Gynaecology, Department of Orthopaedic Research Institution, Department of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, 215004 Suzhou, China

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Jiang Yu Departments of Orthopaedics, Gynaecology, Department of Orthopaedic Research Institution, Department of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, 215004 Suzhou, China

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Zhang Wen Departments of Orthopaedics, Gynaecology, Department of Orthopaedic Research Institution, Department of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, 215004 Suzhou, China

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Huang Xi Departments of Orthopaedics, Gynaecology, Department of Orthopaedic Research Institution, Department of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, 215004 Suzhou, China

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Xu Youjia Departments of Orthopaedics, Gynaecology, Department of Orthopaedic Research Institution, Department of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, 215004 Suzhou, China

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Introduction Primary type I osteoporosis, also known as postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO), is a bone disease associated with reduced bone mineral density, disordered bone architecture and increased fragility ( Chinese Orthopaedic Association 2009

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Richard C Lindsey Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA
Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA

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Catrina Godwin Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA

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Subburaman Mohan Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, California, USA
Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA

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Introduction Osteoporosis, a debilitating condition in which an increase in bone resorption is not adequately compensated by a corresponding increase in bone formation, leading to net loss of bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration

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Claire L Wood Division of Developmental Biology, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Ondrej Soucek Department of Paediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Sze C Wong Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Farasat Zaman Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Colin Farquharson Division of Developmental Biology, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Lars Savendahl Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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S Faisal Ahmed Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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-induced osteoporosis (GIO) and growth retardation. Osteoporosis is characterized by a reduction in bone mass and loss of bone microarchitecture, leading to impaired bone strength and increased fracture risk ( Reinwald & Burr 2008 ). GIO is the most prevalent type of

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Alok Tripathi Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India

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Pallavi Awasthi Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India

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Kundan Singh Rawat Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India

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Atma P Dwivedi Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India

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Krishna Bhan Singh Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India

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Kriti Sharma Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India

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Ravi Prakash Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India

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Divya Singh Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India

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Atul Goel Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
Division of Medicinal & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India

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Introduction Fracture caused by osteoporosis is increasingly becoming a global public health problem ( Compston et al . 2019 ). In the United States alone, each year, there are approximately 1.5 million fractures including hip fractures and

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