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Adina Maniu Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Graham W Aberdeen Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Terrie J Lynch Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA

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Jerry L Nadler Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA

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Soon O K Kim Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA

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Michael J Quon Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Gerald J Pepe Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA

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Eugene D Albrecht Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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and the mechanisms integral to fetal development that prepare the offspring for controlling insulin secretion and action and glucose homeostasis after birth. We have shown that the baboon provides a superb nonhuman primate translational model for the

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Fazal Wahab Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany

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Ikram Ullah Khan Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

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Ignacio Rodriguez Polo Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

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Hira Zubair Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

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Charis Drummer Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

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Muhammad Shahab Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

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Rüdiger Behr Platform Degenerative Diseases, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

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development, adulthood, pregnancy and aging. Shortly after birth, the reproductive axis activity starts at minipuberty and remains high during the infantile period in primates including humans ( Terasawa & Fernandez 2001 , Plant 2015 b ). However, the

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Cynthia L Blanco Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics

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Alvaro G Moreira Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics

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Lisa L McGill-Vargas Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics

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Diana G Anzueto Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics

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Peter Nathanielsz Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics

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Nicolas Musi Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics
Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics
Neonatology Division, Diabetes Division, Geriatric Research, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Obstetrics, Department of Pediatrics

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, McCurnin & Clyman 2008 ). Preterm baboons also have an incidence of hyperglycemia comparable with ELBW neonates and heightened differences in the insulin signaling pathway when compared with term primates ( Blanco et al . 2010 , 2013 ). We hypothesize

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F Wahab Stem Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany

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M Shahab Stem Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany

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R Behr Stem Cell Biology Unit, Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany

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Introduction Reproduction in nonprimate mammals and in primates is highly responsive to metabolic alterations ( Cameron 1991 , Wade & Jones 2004 ). Deficiencies of metabolic fuels prevent the proper release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH

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C Marc Luetjens Institute of Reproductive Medicine, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Urology Clinic, University Hospitals, Albert-Schweiter-Strasse 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 9, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Gerhard-Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany

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Aditya Didolkar Institute of Reproductive Medicine, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Urology Clinic, University Hospitals, Albert-Schweiter-Strasse 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 9, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Gerhard-Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany

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Sabine Kliesch Institute of Reproductive Medicine, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Urology Clinic, University Hospitals, Albert-Schweiter-Strasse 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 9, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Gerhard-Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany

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Werner Paulus Institute of Reproductive Medicine, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Urology Clinic, University Hospitals, Albert-Schweiter-Strasse 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 9, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Gerhard-Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany

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Astrid Jeibmann Institute of Reproductive Medicine, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Urology Clinic, University Hospitals, Albert-Schweiter-Strasse 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 9, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Gerhard-Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany

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Werner Böcker Institute of Reproductive Medicine, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Urology Clinic, University Hospitals, Albert-Schweiter-Strasse 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 9, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Gerhard-Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany

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Eberhard Nieschlag Institute of Reproductive Medicine, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Urology Clinic, University Hospitals, Albert-Schweiter-Strasse 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 9, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Gerhard-Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany

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Manuela Simoni Institute of Reproductive Medicine, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 11, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Urology Clinic, University Hospitals, Albert-Schweiter-Strasse 33, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 9, D-48149 Münster, Germany
Gerhard-Domagk Institute of Pathology, University Hospitals, Domagk–Strasse 7, D-48149 Münster, Germany

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non-reproductive organs obtained from men and, as experimental models, from two non-human primate species, the marmoset and the cynomolgus monkey. Materials and Methods Tissues Formaldehyde-fixed (4%), paraffin

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A J Conley
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R M Bernstein Department of Population Health and Reproduction, Department of Anthropology, VM-PHR, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA

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A D Nguyen
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Introduction The current review attempts to provide a balanced but thorough examination of the evidence for adrenarche in nonhuman primates (NHP) species, which the authors believe is lacking in the current literature and suffers from both

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Dario R Lemos Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of

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Jodi L Downs Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of
Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of
Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of

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Martin N Raitiere Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of

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Henryk F Urbanski Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of
Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of
Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of

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caged singly in a temperature-controlled environment, with fixed light cycles that comprised 12 h of light per day (i.e. 12 h light:12 h darkness), and were cared for by the Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC) Division of Animal Resources, in

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L E Nicol Pediatrics, Division of Neurosciences, Pape Pediatric Research Institute

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W F Grant Pediatrics, Division of Neurosciences, Pape Pediatric Research Institute

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S M Comstock Pediatrics, Division of Neurosciences, Pape Pediatric Research Institute

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M L Nguyen Pediatrics, Division of Neurosciences, Pape Pediatric Research Institute

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M S Smith Pediatrics, Division of Neurosciences, Pape Pediatric Research Institute

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K L Grove Pediatrics, Division of Neurosciences, Pape Pediatric Research Institute

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D L Marks Pediatrics, Division of Neurosciences, Pape Pediatric Research Institute
Pediatrics, Division of Neurosciences, Pape Pediatric Research Institute

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and pancreatic islets, at a stage before onset of severe insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes, and that their levels would be correlated with early subclinical parameters of abnormal glucose homeostasis. We used the nonhuman primate (NHP) model, which

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Pierre-Gilles Blanchard Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, Laval University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada

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Van Luu-The Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, Laval University Hospital Research Center (CRCHUL) and Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada

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-androstane-3β,17β-diol (3β-diol; Torn et al. 2003 , Liu et al. 2005 ) and zymosterone into zymosterol, an important step in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway ( Marijanovic et al. 2003 ). Recently, we have characterized primate and

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Wenjing Wang Islet and Cell Processing Laboratory, Puget Sound Blood Center/Northwest Tissue Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
Department of Surgery and Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Lisa Upshaw Islet and Cell Processing Laboratory, Puget Sound Blood Center/Northwest Tissue Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
Department of Surgery and Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA

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D Michael Strong Islet and Cell Processing Laboratory, Puget Sound Blood Center/Northwest Tissue Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
Department of Surgery and Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA

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R Paul Robertson Islet and Cell Processing Laboratory, Puget Sound Blood Center/Northwest Tissue Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
Department of Surgery and Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA

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JoAnna Reems Islet and Cell Processing Laboratory, Puget Sound Blood Center/Northwest Tissue Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
Department of Surgery and Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA

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assess the functional viability of islets prior to clinical transplantation. Research Design and Methods Non-human primate and human islet isolation Non-human primate pancreata were obtained from the Washington

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