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, researchers have suggested the participation of vitamin D in regulatory mechanisms of sleep–wake cycle, based on the evidence suggesting that the reduction of this vitamin is also associated with sleep disorders ( McCarty et al . 2012 , Mete et al . 2013
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Centre of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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prevalence, sleep insufficiency has become part of the modern lifestyle, across all age groups ( Gangwisch et al. 2005 , Basch et al. 2014 , Owens et al. 2014 , Gordon et al. 2019 , Toyoura et al. 2020 ). The average sleep duration dropped from
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Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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-stimulating hormone. These fluctuations lead to irregularities in the menstrual cycle and induce vasomotor symptoms, along with changes in mood, sleep, and sexual function ( El Khoudary et al. 2019 ). Also common during the menopausal transition are weight gain and
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endogenous processes are synchronised to or in phase with daily routines, such as food intake and sleep. However, shift work studies done by our group ( Hampton et al . 1996 , Ribeiro et al . 1998 , Lund et al . 2001 ) and by other groups ( Simon et al
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Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
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Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
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Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Department of Urology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3‐8‐1 Komaba, Meguro‐ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
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using microdialysis. Our previous study showed that in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the CORT concentration is ∼30 nM in the awake state and ∼3 nM in the sleep state ( Higo et al . 2011 ). These concentrations are much lower than the stress level of
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Acromegaly is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, increased growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I exert deleterious effects on multiple organs and tissues and, in a direct or an indirect fashion, effect non-cardiac complications as well. The current knowledge about acromegalic arthropathy and sleep apnea will be briefly summarized here.
Arthropathy
The articular manifestations of acromegaly were first recognized in Pierre Marie's original description of this disease in 1886. It is, perhaps, symbolic that Marie's name is connected not only with acromegaly but also with Marie-Strumpell disease (ankylosing spondylitis).
Arthropathy affects many, if not most, patients with acromegaly. In one form or another, musculoskeletal complaints are a leading cause of morbidity and functional disability in acromegaly. Several studies provided detailed epidemiologic description of acromegalic arthropathy. In the largest series of that kind, Detenbeck et al. (1973) found that 62% of the 229 patients examined had at
Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
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Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common condition, with an estimated prevalence of 3–7% for adult men and 2–5% for adult women in the general population ( Punjabi 2008 ). It is associated with intermittent upper airway obstruction and
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SUMMARY
The effects of strenuous daytime physical exercise were examined in 12 healthy male volunteers. All-night electrophysiological recordings were made and blood was sampled during sleep by indwelling venous catheter.
Plasma growth hormone levels were significantly increased after exercise but the sleep electroencephalographic patterns of nights after exercise did not differ significantly from those of control nights. Plasma corticosteroids were decreased after exercise. It is suggested that higher levels of growth hormone are consistent with reparative processes during sleep.
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This study was undertaken to determine whether the internal clock contributes to the hormone and metabolic responses following food, in an experiment designed to dissociate internal clock effects from other factors. Nine female subjects participated. They lived indoors for 31 days with normal time cues, including the natural light: darkness cycle. For 7 days they retired to bed from 0000 h to 0800 h. They then underwent a 26-h 'constant routine' (CR) starting at 0800 h, being seated awake in dim light with hourly 88 Kcal drinks. They then lived on an imposed 27-h day (18 h of wakefulness, 9 h allowed for sleep), for a total of 27 days. A second 26-h CR, starting at 2200 h, was completed. During each CR salivary melatonin and plasma glucose, triacylglycerol (TAG), non-essential fatty acids (NEFA), insulin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were measured hourly. Melatonin and body temperature data indicated no shift in the endogenous clock during the 27-h imposed schedule. Postprandial NEFA, GIP and GLP-1 showed no consistent effects. Glucose, TAG and insulin increased during the night in the first CR. There was a significant effect of both the endogenous clock and sleep for glucose and TAG, but not for insulin. These findings may be relevant to the known increased risk of cardiovascular disease amongst shift workers.
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SUMMARY
1. An investigation of the diurnal rhythms of keto- and ketogenic steroid excretion has been carried out in four human subjects. The subjects lived, under standardized conditions of diet, activity and lighting, in Spitsbergen where 24 hr. daylight persists during the summer.
2. A study of the adaptation of their rhythms to a reversed activity-sleep and light-darkness schedule has been made, and of the subsequent re-adaptation to normal schedules.
3. Adaptation of the ketosteroid rhythm occurred in 2 days and of the ketogenic steroid rhythm in 8 days.
4. The ketosteroid excretory rhythm may depend immediately, and the ketogenic steroid rhythm ultimately, upon habit and environment.
5. Evidence has been presented to suggest that the ketogenic steroid rhythm is dependent upon the synchronization of pituitary and adrenal responsiveness. During the reversal of rhythm, adrenocortical activity takes place initially in the early 'evening' and 'night', occurring progressively earlier each day until it synchronizes with the new time scale.
6. The significance of these findings is discussed.
