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Ángela Sánchez Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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Constanza Contreras-Jurado Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain

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Diego Rodríguez Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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Javier Regadera Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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Susana Alemany Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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Ana Aranda Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain

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visible splenic hypotrophy, although less pronounced than that found in congenitally hypothyroid mice ( Flamant et al . 2002 ), while deletion of TRβ alone does not decrease spleen weight ( Angelin-Duclos et al . 2005 ). This does not imply that TRβ

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Flavia Fonseca Bloise Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences
Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Felipe Leite de Oliveira Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Alberto Félix Nobrega Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Rita Vasconcellos Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Aline Cordeiro Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Luciana Souza de Paiva Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences
Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Dennis D Taub Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Radovan Borojevic Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Carmen Cabanelas Pazos-Moura Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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Valéria de Mello-Coelho Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, National Institute on Aging, Institute of Biomedical Sciences

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and B220. At this stage, B-cells are capable of leaving the bone marrow to enter the blood circulation and peripheral lymphoid organs, such as the spleen, where the final steps of maturation lead to the generation of mature B-cell phenotypes ( Allman

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K Horiguchi Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan

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S Yagi Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan

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K Ono Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan

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Y Nishiura Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan

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M Tanaka Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan

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M Ishida Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan

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T Harigaya Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan

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from the thymus and spleen, as well as peripheral lymphocytes, contain PRL mRNA and release a bioactive molecule that is similar to pituitary PRL ( Montgomery et al. 1992 ). Murine splenocytes produce proteins that stimulate the proliferation of the

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K Radojević Institute of Immunology and Virology ‘Torlak’, Immunology Research Centre ‘Branislav Janković’, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Physiology,
Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia

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N Arsenović-Ranin Institute of Immunology and Virology ‘Torlak’, Immunology Research Centre ‘Branislav Janković’, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Physiology,
Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia

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D Kosec Institute of Immunology and Virology ‘Torlak’, Immunology Research Centre ‘Branislav Janković’, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Physiology,
Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia

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V Pešić Institute of Immunology and Virology ‘Torlak’, Immunology Research Centre ‘Branislav Janković’, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Physiology,
Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia

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I Pilipović Institute of Immunology and Virology ‘Torlak’, Immunology Research Centre ‘Branislav Janković’, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Physiology,
Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia

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M Perišić Institute of Immunology and Virology ‘Torlak’, Immunology Research Centre ‘Branislav Janković’, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Physiology,
Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia

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B Plećaš-Solarović Institute of Immunology and Virology ‘Torlak’, Immunology Research Centre ‘Branislav Janković’, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Physiology,
Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia

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G Leposavić Institute of Immunology and Virology ‘Torlak’, Immunology Research Centre ‘Branislav Janković’, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Physiology,
Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia

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followed the same procedure except that pericordal fat was resected in lieu of the testicles. Three months after surgery, both Cx and Sx rats were killed, their thymi and spleens were carefully removed and freed from extraneous tissue, weighed and

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I. Gy. FAZEKAS
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SUMMARY

1. Fresh splenic tissue from pigs was extracted by the method of Swingle & Pfiffner for adrenocortical extracts, 1 ml. being equivalent to 100 g splenic tissue.

2. The material extracted was readily soluble in ethanol, benzene, acetone and water, but not in petroleum ether. It contained no protein, bile pigments, fat, fatty acids or cholesterol, and had marked reducing properties.

3. Administration of the extract to adrenalectomized male mice caused an increase, continuous with increasing dose of extract, in the glycogen content of liver and muscle. The increase in liver glycogen produced by 1·2 ml. extract was about the same as that caused by 2 mg cortisone.

4. In intact rats the extract caused an increase in blood sugar and in the glycogen content of liver and muscle. Cortisone had a similar effect.

5. Neither the splenic extract nor cortisone raised the glycogen content of the brain in adrenalectomized mice or intact rats.

6. Thus the spleen contains a substance which has a glucocorticoid-like effect on the carbohydrate metabolism of adrenalectomized and intact animals. In view of its chemical and biological properties, this substance is thought to be a glucocorticoid originating in the adrenal cortex. A substance with similar effects has been previously detected in liver, brain and muscle.

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B. T. DONOVAN
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SUMMARY

Ovarian tissue was autografted to the spleen or kidney of spayed anoestrous or oestrous ferrets to see whether inactivation of ovarian hormones occurred in the liver and to examine the feedback action of gonadal hormones on gonadotrophin secretion. Although the grafts survived in both sites as did homografts made in anoestrous females, the secretion of gonadal hormones was sufficient to cause oestrus only in a minority of animals and there was little difference in the function of grafts made to the spleen or kidney. Vulval swelling and uterine growth were caused by pellets of oestradiol inserted into the spleen so that it appears that this steroid can pass through the liver without loss of oestrogenic activity. It is concluded that little inactivation of gonadal steroids by the liver of the ferret takes place.

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J. R. CLARKE
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1. An attempt has been made to put Chitty's hypothesis, which explains population cycles in the vole (Microtus agrestis) [Chitty, 1952], to an experimental test by studying the effect of fighting on these animals.

2. When strange voles are added to a cage containing a pair of 'resident' voles, the strangers are viciously attacked by the residents. As a result of these attacks there is a pronounced increase in the weight of the adrenal glands and the spleen, and a decrease in the weight of the thymus, of the strange voles. The observed weight changes in these organs were statistically significant.

3. The weight changes in the adrenals and in the thymus of the strange voles can be explained by assuming a disturbance of the adreno-pituitary system of the animals concerned. Interpretation of the increased weight of the spleen is less straightforward, but the enlargement may indicate that the weakened condition of the strange voles enabled a pathogenic organism to become invasive.

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F. T. A. Fitzpatrick
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B. D. Greenstein
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ABSTRACT

The effects of several steroids on the regenerating thymus in ageing male rats have been studied. Rats aged from 12 to 15 months were orchidectomized and 7 days later implanted s.c. with silicone elastomer tubing containing 25 mg testosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), oestradiol, progesterone or corticosterone. One group of rats received an empty implant. Thirty days later the rats were killed and the thymus, spleen, ventral prostate and seminal vesicles weighed and retained for histology. Whole blood was taken for total and differential white cell counts; plasma was prepared for radioimmunoassay of testosterone, oestradiol, progesterone and corticosterone.

After orchidectomy only, a multilobular thymus was present, and histologically the tissue appeared healthy. In testosterone- and oestradiol-treated rats, thymus weight was reduced to about 50% of that in untreated animals. Histologically, much of the thymus taken at autopsy was fat and what remained was poorly organized and contained a much lower density of thymocytes. The total white cell count was significantly reduced in these animals, the effect appearing to be predominantly on lymphocytes. Although treatment with DHT also resulted in a lower mean thymus weight than that of orchidectomized animals, histologically the tissue appeared similar to that of the untreated castrated animals. In rats treated with DHT, the total white cell count was significantly higher than in testosterone-implanted rats. Both progesterone and corticosterone implants resulted in significantly smaller mean thymus weights, although these steroids were not as potent as testosterone or oestradiol. Corticosterone, but not progesterone, appeared to cause a significant reduction in circulating lymphocytes. Dihydrotestosterone possessed only half the potency of testosterone in restoring the weights of the accessory sex organs. Serum concentrations of testosterone in orchidectomized old rats were 0·33 ± 0·02 nmol/l and in testosterone-implanted rats 4·8 ± 0·4 nmol/l. These results raise the possibility that testosterone and oestradiol may have caused atrophy of the thymus, while DHT may have retarded regeneration of the thymus without any atrophic effect. It remains to be seen whether the different responses between testosterone and DHT, in both the thymus and accessory sex organs, are due to differences in intrinsic action or differences in the metabolism of the steroids.

J. Endocr. (1987) 113, 51–55

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Helen E MacLean Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Alison J Moore Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Stephen A Sastra Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Howard A Morris Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Ali Ghasem-Zadeh Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Kesha Rana Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Anna-Maree Axell Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Amanda J Notini Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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David J Handelsman Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Ego Seeman Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Jeffrey D Zajac Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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Rachel A Davey Department of Medicine, Hanson Institute, Department of Endocrinology, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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). Absolute spleen mass was not significantly different between males and females ( Fig. 1 D); however, relative spleen mass was 36% lower in males than females (mean± s.e.m. ; control male: 2.99±0.09 mg/g, n =22 versus control female: 4.08±0.12 mg/g, n =25

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Florencia Figueroa Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina

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Gisela Mendoza Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina

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Darío Cardozo Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina

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Fabián Mohamed Area Morfología, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina

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Liliana Oliveros Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina

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Myriam Forneris Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina

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and follicular development ( Aguado 2002 ). The sympathetic nervous system enters the spleen by periarteriolar pathways and terminates in T-cell and macrophage areas ( Straub 2004 ). In addition to the presence of adrenergic receptors in these

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