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Thomas M Braxton School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Dionne E A Sarpong School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Janine L Dovey School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Anne Guillou IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France

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Bronwen A J Evans School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Juan M Castellano Physiology Section, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cordoba, and Instituto Maimonides de Investigacion Biomedica de Cordoba (IMBIC), Cordoba, Spain

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Bethany E Keenan School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Saja Baraghithy Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

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Sam L Evans School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Manuel Tena-Sempere Physiology Section, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cordoba, and Instituto Maimonides de Investigacion Biomedica de Cordoba (IMBIC), Cordoba, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain

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Patrice Mollard IGF, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France

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Joseph Tam Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

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Timothy Wells School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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mice and characterised the underlying endocrine phenotype. In addition, since we have recently shown that maintaining PWS-IC del mice at thermoneutrality may reduce proportionate hyperphagia ( Golding et al. 2017 ), we quantified the effect of

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Lewin Small Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Henry Gong The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Christian Yassmin The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Gregory J Cooney Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Amanda E Brandon Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Introduction Thermoneutrality refers to the temperature at which the energy expenditure required to maintain core body temperature is the lowest ( Lodhi & Semenkovich 2009 ). In clothed humans, this temperature is between 15°C and 25°C

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Michael E Symonds Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Mark Pope Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Ian Bloor Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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James Law Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Reham Alagal Department of Physical Sport Science, Princess Nourah Bint AbdulRahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Helen Budge Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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). For example, it has recently been shown that mice must be maintained at thermoneutrality and allowed to age in order to attain adipose tissue with a human-like phenotype ( de Jong et al. 2019 ). The fundamental impact of ambient temperature on foetal

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Anjara Rabearivony School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China

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Huan Li School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China

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Shiyao Zhang School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China

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Siyu Chen School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China

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Xiaofei An Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Chang Liu School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China

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their thermoneutral zone, or the temperature of metabolic homeostasis ( Gordon 1993 ). Such a recommendation was recently challenged, pointing out that 30°C was too hot and that mice do not tend to live at these temperatures when active ( Keijer et al

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David M Golding School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Daniel J Rees Institute of Life Sciences, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK

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Jennifer R Davies Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Dinko Relkovic Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Hannah V Furby Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Irina A Guschina School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Anna L Hopkins School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Jeffrey S Davies Institute of Life Sciences, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK

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James L Resnick Center for Mammalian Genetics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA

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Anthony R Isles Behavioural Genetics Group, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Schools of Medicine & Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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Timothy Wells School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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determine the impact of thermogenesis on intra-abdominal adiposity, 6- to 15-month-old male and female PWS-IC del mice, and WT littermates, were group housed (2–3 mice/cage) at either standard room temperature (20–22°C) or at a thermoneutral ambient

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Amanda E Brandon Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia

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Ella Stuart Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia

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Simon J Leslie Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia

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Kyle L Hoehn Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia

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David E James Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia

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Edward W Kraegen Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia

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Nigel Turner Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia

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Gregory J Cooney Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
Diabetes and Metabolism Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, School of Medical Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Molecular Bioscience and Sydney Medical School, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia

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was to determine whether the shift in fuel preference to fatty acids in Acc2 −/− mice would alter the response to a chow and HFD when mice were housed under conditions of thermoneutrality. Materials and methods All surgical and experimental

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Joachim M Weitzel Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany

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Torsten Viergutz Institute of Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany

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Dirk Albrecht Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany

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Rupert Bruckmaier Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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Marion Schmicke Clinic for Cattle, Endocrinology Laboratory, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany

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Armin Tuchscherer Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany

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Franziska Koch Institute of Nutritional Physiology ‘Oskar Kellner’, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany

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Björn Kuhla Institute of Nutritional Physiology ‘Oskar Kellner’, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany

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metabolism associated with the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis in late pregnant and early lactating Holstein cows kept either under heat stress (HS) or pair-fed (PF) conditions at thermoneutrality. We determined circulating endocrine hormones and the

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Matthew J VandeKopple Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

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Jinghai Wu Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

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Lisa A Baer Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

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Naresh C Bal Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

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Santosh K Maurya Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

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Anuradha Kalyanasundaram Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

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Muthu Periasamy Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

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Kristin I Stanford Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

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Amato J Giaccia Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

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Nicholas C Denko Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

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Ioanna Papandreou Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA

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activity, (C) energy expenditure, (D) respiratory exchange ratio ( n  = 16). (E, F, G and H) Metabolic parameter analysis of fed female mice at thermoneutrality following 48- to 60-h acclimation. (E) Average VO 2 consumption, (F) physical activity, (G

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Michael E Symonds Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Peter Aldiss Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Neele Dellschaft Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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James Law Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Hernan P Fainberg Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Mark Pope Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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Harold Sacks VA Endocrinology and Diabetes Division, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, and Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Helen Budge Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

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effect seen in adults as well as during early life. For rodents, both during development and in adulthood, it would appear necessary that they are housed at thermoneutrality (i.e. ~28°C) when the aim is to mimic any effects of deviation from thermal

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Russell T Turner Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences
Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences

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Kenneth A Philbrick Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences

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Carmen P Wong Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences

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Dawn A Olson Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences

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Adam J Branscum Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences

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Urszula T Iwaniec Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences
Skeletal Biology Laboratory, Center for Healthy Aging Research, Biostatistics, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences

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ob/ob mice were prevented by housing all mice at thermoneutral temperature (32 °C) to minimize differences in resting energy expenditure ( Trayhurn 1979 ) and pair-feeding the mutant mice to the level for WT mice to equalize food intake. Materials

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