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, Mullur et al . 2014 , Mondal et al . 2016 , Mendoza & Hollenberg 2017 , van der Spek et al . 2017 ). Much of thyroid hormone action is mediated by the thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that act as ligand
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triiodothyronine (T3) are initiated by binding to the nuclear thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), encoded by the TRα and TRβ genes, which result in several isoforms with different expression and functions ( Aranda & Pascual 2001 , Aranda et al . 2013 , Pascual
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decreased activity of liver D1 therefore contributes to low serum T 3 levels. TRβ1, one of the thyroid hormone receptors through which T 3 exerts its actions in the liver, is also downregulated in an animal model of NTI. This suggests that impaired T 3
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-affinity thyroid hormone receptor (TR) located in the nucleus. TR plays an important role in mediating the cardiac physiologic actions of T 3 ( Sussman 2001 , Dillmann 2002 ). Normal thyroid hormone level is essential for maintaining normal heart structure and
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( Castro et al. 2006 ). At variance with PTC, a mouse model for FTC was lacking until Kaneshige et al. (2000) described a mutant mouse with a mutation ( PV ) targeted to the thyroid hormone receptor β (THRB) locus. In a heterozygous condition
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Molecular Endocrinology Group, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 11 105 –113. Amma LL , Campos-Barros A, Wang Z, Vennstrom B & Forrest D 2001 Distinct tissue-specific roles for thyroid hormone receptors beta and alpha1 in regulation of type 1
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-affinity subtype-selective agonist ligand for the thyroid hormone receptor. Chemistry and Biology 5 299 –306. Danzi S & Klein I 2004 Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system. Minerva Endocrinologica 29 139 –150
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. Table 1 Basal laboratory values of thyroid hormone receptor (TRβ −/− ) and wild-type (WT) mice. Mean values± s.e.m. are given Wild-type TRβ −/− ♀ ♂ ♀ ♂ Serum T 3 (nmol/l) 1.55±0.34 1.34±0.14 2.53±0.24* 2.68±0.21 † Serum T 4 (nmol/l) 67±6 57±4 133
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functionally with the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) to regulate malic enzyme gene expression ( Chou et al . 2007 ). The elevated S14 expression is important to increase lipogenic enzyme expressions induced by T 3 ( Cunningham et al . 1998 ). In this way
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the thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), which promote the activation or repression of a wide collection of genes ( Grøntved et al . 2015 ). Two isoforms for the thrb gene have been identified in teleosts: long or L-Trb1 and short or S-Trb1, which differ