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Jennifer A Evans Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA

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Tanasescu R Coculescu M Mihai R 1998 Vasopressin neurotransmission and the control of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus . Progress in Brain Research 119 351 – 364 . Irwin RP Allen CN 2009 GABAergic signaling

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Juan Bernal Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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Beatriz Morte Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain

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Diego Diez Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

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-regulated extracellular matrix glycoprotein ( Alvarez-Dolado et al. 1999 ), reelin (RELN), a stop signal for neuron migration ( Jossin 2020 ). The whole process is known as ‘inside-out radial migration’, by which the neurons are sequentially positioned in layers

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Marc Schneeberger Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain

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Ramon Gomis Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain

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Marc Claret Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain

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food intake in humans . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86 5992 . ( doi:10.1210/jc.86.12.5992 ) Wu Q Palmiter RD 2011 GABAergic signaling by AgRP neurons prevents anorexia via a melanocortin-independent mechanism . European Journal of

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Fan Yang College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China

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Shuang Zhao College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China

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Pingqing Wang College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P. R. China

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Wei Xiang School of Advanced Agriculture and Bioengineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, P. R. China

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affect GnRH neurons as reproductive gating. In addition, increasing evidence suggests that GABAergic neurons and populations of PACAP neurons are important first-order targets of peripheral metabolic signals (a typical example is leptin) that mediate the

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L Francisco Lorenzo-Martín Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

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Mauricio Menacho-Márquez Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

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Salvatore Fabbiano Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

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Omar Al-Massadi Departamento de Fisioloxía, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermidades Crónicas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer sobre la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Antonio Abad Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

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Sonia Rodríguez-Fdez Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

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María A Sevilla Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

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María J Montero Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

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Carlos Diéguez Departamento de Fisioloxía, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermidades Crónicas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer sobre la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Rubén Nogueiras Departamento de Fisioloxía, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular e Enfermidades Crónicas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer sobre la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

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Xosé R Bustelo Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

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the stimulation of the RVLM ( Saper 2002 , Guyenet 2006 , Grill & Hayes 2012 ). The most usual mechanism to achieve this effect is the NTS-mediated elimination of the tonic GABAergic signals emitted by the CVLM ( Guyenet 2006 , Grill & Hayes 2012

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Chang Shan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Jiang Yue Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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Wei Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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neurotransmitter syntheses and signaling ( Khrimian et al. 2017 b , Kosmidis et al. 2018 ), thus playing a crucial role in brain development, cognitive function and motor coordination ( Khrimian et al. 2017 a , b , Guo et al. 2018 , Glatigny et al

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Roman A Romanov Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Alán Alpár MTA-SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

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Tomas Hökfelt Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Tibor Harkany Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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receptors ( Crhr1 and Crhr2 ) and CRH-binding protein ( Crhbp ). Note that some cells in clusters #14 (GABA) and #44 (glutamate) can express at least one receptor and binding protein for CRH signaling. Red and green colors identify respective GABAergic and

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Sarika Paul Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Timothy M Brown Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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timekeeping properties and in their acute responses to environmental signals. In addition, while SCN neurons are GABAergic in nature, they are also neurochemically diverse, with subsets of cells expressing a wide variety of peptide co-transmitters such as

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Xiaoyi Ma Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Fei Gao Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Qi Chen Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Xiuping Xuan Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Ying Wang Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Hongjun Deng Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Fengying Yang Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Li Yuan Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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middle-income countries . Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 8 1 – 10 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30082-8 ) Legat L Smolders I Dupont AG 2018 GABAergic signaling mediates central cardiovascular angiotensin II type 2 receptor

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Romy I Kerbus Department of Anatomy and Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Megan A Inglis Department of Anatomy and Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand

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Greg M Anderson Department of Anatomy and Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunedin, New Zealand

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. 2022 ). Hypothalamic insulin and leptin resistance are driven in part by increased levels of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), negative regulators of insulin and leptin signaling pathways ( Salmeen

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