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act in an adipocyte-autonomous way, whereas others are mediated by macrophage polarization. Macrophages can obtain distinct functional phenotypes, M1 and M2, via different polarization responses to environmental stimuli. M1 phenotypes are stimulated
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Laboratory of Lipids and Glucose Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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-inflammatory or alternatively activating M2 program of KCs decreases hepatocyte fatty acid oxidation ( Odegaard et al . 2008 ). These studies suggested that M1 KCs polarization play an important role in hepatic lipid metabolism. However, it is enigmatic whether M
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proinflammatory cytokines including granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IFNγ, and bacterial lipopolysaccharides resulting in a potent proinflammatory and antibacterial cell type. M2 polarization occurs under the influence of antiinflammatory
Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Development Biology of State Education Ministry of China, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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activation state of adipose tissue macrophages from an M2-polarized state to an M1 proinflammatory state that contributes to insulin resistance ( Lumeng et al . 2007 ), our data suggest that the effect of HFD feeding on differentiation and polarization of
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, the adherent cells were treated with either a combination of IFNg (150 U/ml) and LPS (100 ng/ml) or with IL4 (20 U/ml) and IL13 (15 U/ml) for additional 24 h to induce polarization towards ‘classically’ (M1) or ‘alternatively’ (M2) activated macrophage
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G De Baetselier P 2009 Tolerance and M2 (alternative) macrophage polarization are related processes orchestrated by p50 nuclear factor κB . PNAS 106 14978 – 14983 . ( doi:10.1073/pnas.0809784106 ) Qiu Y Nguyen Khoa D Odegaard
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macrophages of mS1KO mice compared with those of WT mice, whereas M2 marker genes were similarly expressed in M2 macrophages from both genotypes ( Fig. 5 b). Figure 5 Regulation of macrophage polarization by SIRT1. (a) BMMs were treated with either 10 ng
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Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Drug Discovery Center, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
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positive for CD11c but negative for CD206 were considered as proinflammatory (M1) macrophages (F4/80 + CD11b + CD11c + CD206 − cells), whereas CD11c − CD206 + mature macrophages were considered as alternatively activated (M2) macrophages (F4/80 + CD
Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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M2 and Th2 polarization or conversely M1 response in the presence of IFNγ, mediates macrophage–adipocyte crosstalk, increases lipolysis, suppresses adiponectin secretion, increases glycemia by suppressing glucose uptake by adipocytes, decreases
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Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, The Interdisciplinary Centre of Research in Animal Health, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Olsztyn, Poland
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shown). The epithelial and stromal cells were incubated with either vehicle or with P 4 (10 −7 M), E 2 (10 −9 M), or P 4 +E 2 (10 −7 M/10 −9 M) added to the culture medium for 12, 24, 48, and 72 h (95, 90, 80, or 70% confluence respectively