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Takuya Yoshino Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan

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Tomohisa Nagoshi Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan

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Ryuko Anzawa Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan

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Yusuke Kashiwagi Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan

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Keiichi Ito Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan

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Daisuke Katoh Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan

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Masami Fujisaki Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan

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Yosuke Kayama Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan

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Taro Date Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan

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Kenichi Hongo Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan

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Michihiro Yoshimura Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan

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Introduction Aldosterone plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. There is increasing evidence of unfavorable effects of aldosterone on the cardiovascular system, in experimental models as well as large clinical trials

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Yuefei Huang Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Pei Yee Ting Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Tham M Yao Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Tsuyoshi Homma Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Danielle Brooks Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Isis Katayama Rangel Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Gail K Adler Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Jose R Romero Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Jonathan S Williams Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Luminita H Pojoga Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Gordon H Williams Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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salt intake ( Carvalho et al . 1989 ). A major regulator of sodium/volume homeostasis is aldosterone ( Ehrhart-Bornstein et al . 1998 , Lumbers 1999 , Spat & Hunyady 2004 , Williams 2005 ). For more than a half-a-century, it has been known that

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Ding Xie Department of Family Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University (formerly Georgia Regents University), Augusta, Georgia, USA

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Wendy B Bollag Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA
Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University (formerly Georgia Regents University), Augusta, Georgia, USA

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been proposed including increased sympathetic nervous system activity, overactivation of the renin-angiotensin II-aldosterone system, excessive secretion of adipose-derived cytokines, inflammation and compression of the kidneys by excess perirenal fat

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Amanda E Garza Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Elijah Trefts Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Isis A Katayama Rangel Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Danielle Brooks Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Rene Baudrand Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica De Chile, Santiago, Chile

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Burhanuddin Moize Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Jose R Romero Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Sanjay Ranjit Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Thitinan Treesaranuwattana Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Tham M Yao Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Gail K Adler Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Luminita H Pojoga Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Gordon H Williams Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Introduction During the past two decades, a substantial expansion has occurred in understanding aldosterone’s mechanism of action, specifically in two areas – cells targeted and pathways used. First, the tissues that are aldosterone’s targets

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Cherish Chong Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Anis Hamid Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Tham Yao Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Amanda E Garza Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Luminita H Pojoga Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Gail K Adler Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Jose R Romero Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Gordon H Williams Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Introduction Aldosterone, a major regulator of electrolyte balance and body-fluid homeostasis, is produced by the zona glomerulosa (ZG) of the adrenal cortex ( Giroud et al. 1956 ). Aldosterone’s production is regulated at early (cholesterol

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Timothy J Cole Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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Morag J Young Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Department of Molecular and Translational Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Introduction The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is an intracellular steroid hormone receptor, and a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, that mediates the physiological action of two important adrenal steroids, aldosterone and cortisol

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Achim Lother Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Lisa Deng Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Michael Huck Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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David Fürst Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Jessica Kowalski Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Jennifer S Esser Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Martin Moser Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Christoph Bode Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Lutz Hein Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Introduction Aldosterone mediates its effects via the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a ligand-activated transcription factor. Upon binding of aldosterone, MR interacts with a distinct DNA motif to regulate transcription of its target genes

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Jun Yang Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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Morag J Young Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Discovery & Preclinical Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Timothy J Cole Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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Peter J Fuller Centre of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

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Introduction Primary aldosteronism (PA), or Conn syndrome, is the most common endocrine cause of hypertension and is characterized by the autonomous production of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone, affecting 5–15% of hypertensive patients in

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Maria-Christina Zennaro INSERM, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France

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Fabio Fernandes-Rosa INSERM, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France
Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France

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Introduction Aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) play a key role in the regulation of electrolyte balance and blood pressure. Abnormalities in aldosterone and MR function lead to salt-losing disorders or hypertension

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John M C Connell MRC Blood Pressure Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Gardiner Institute, Western Infirmary, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK

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Eleanor Davies MRC Blood Pressure Group, Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Gardiner Institute, Western Infirmary, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK

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Introduction It is now over 50 years since Sylvia and James Tait, in collaboration with Tadeusz Reichstein, isolated and characterized the steroid hormone, aldosterone ( Tait et al. 2004 ). Since then, the traditional view has been

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