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Alia H Sukkar
Alia H Sukkar
Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Aaron M Lett
Aaron M Lett
Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Gary Frost
Gary Frost
Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Edward S Chambers
Edward S Chambers
Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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balance where daily energy intake exceeds energy expenditure ( Hill & Peters 1998 , Caballero 2007 ). Based on the average weight gain observed in early- and middle-aged adults (~0.5 kg/year) ( Williamson et al. 1990 , Hebden et al. 2012 ), it is
Hiroyuki Shimizu
Hiroyuki Shimizu
Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
Department of Regulation Biology, Saitama University, Saitama 378-8570, Japan
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Department of Regulation Biology, Saitama University, Saitama 378-8570, Japan
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Kinji Inoue
Kinji Inoue
Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
Department of Regulation Biology, Saitama University, Saitama 378-8570, Japan
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Department of Regulation Biology, Saitama University, Saitama 378-8570, Japan
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Masatomo Mori
Masatomo Mori
Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
Department of Regulation Biology, Saitama University, Saitama 378-8570, Japan
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Department of Regulation Biology, Saitama University, Saitama 378-8570, Japan
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decreased energy expenditure lead to obesity ( Spiegelman & Flier 2001 ) and both are regulated essentially by the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is a known center for the regulation of fundamental behaviors including appetite, thirst, temperature, sexual
Rumana Yasmeen
Rumana Yasmeen
Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Qiwen Shen
Qiwen Shen
Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Aejin Lee
Aejin Lee
Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Jacob H Leung
Jacob H Leung
Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Devan Kowdley
Devan Kowdley
Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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David J DiSilvestro
David J DiSilvestro
Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Lu Xu
Lu Xu
Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Kefeng Yang
Kefeng Yang
Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Andrei Maiseyeu
Andrei Maiseyeu
Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Naresh C Bal
Naresh C Bal
Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
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KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
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Muthu Periasamy
Muthu Periasamy
Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Paolo Fadda
Paolo Fadda
Nucleic Acid Shared Resource, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Ouliana Ziouzenkova
Ouliana Ziouzenkova
Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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receptor (LepR) belonging to the interleukin 6 (IL-6) type family of cytokine receptors ( Peelman et al . 2014 ). LEP regulation of energy expenditure, lipolysis, basal and cold induced thermogenesis, as well as satiety, is attributed to its neuroendocrine
Nigel Turner
Nigel Turner
Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Department of Physiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Department of Physiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Department of Physiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Gregory J Cooney
Gregory J Cooney
Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Department of Physiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Department of Physiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Department of Physiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Edward W Kraegen
Edward W Kraegen
Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Department of Physiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Department of Physiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Department of Physiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Clinton R Bruce
Clinton R Bruce
Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Diabetes and Obesity Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Department of Physiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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(obesity) and reduced insulin action (insulin resistance) in muscle, this article will deal with FAs as an alternative energy substrate to glucose, the relevance of this substrate competition to overall energy expenditure and an assessment of the various
Cássio M Villicev
Cássio M Villicev
Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 2415 Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Fatima R S Freitas
Fatima R S Freitas
Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 2415 Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Marcelo S Aoki
Marcelo S Aoki
Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 2415 Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Cássio Taffarel
Cássio Taffarel
Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 2415 Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Thomas S Scanlan
Thomas S Scanlan
Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 2415 Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Anselmo S Moriscot
Anselmo S Moriscot
Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 2415 Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Miriam O Ribeiro
Miriam O Ribeiro
Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 2415 Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Antonio C Bianco
Antonio C Bianco
Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 2415 Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Cecília H A Gouveia
Cecília H A Gouveia
Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof Lineu Prestes, 2415 Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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School of Arts, Sciences & Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Biosciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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, Martin NM, Smith KL, Gardiner JV, Connoley IP, Stephens DA, Dhillo WS, Ghatei MA, Small CJ & Bloom SR 2004 Triiodothyronine stimulates food intake via the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus independent of changes in energy expenditure. Endocrinology
Ken K Y Ho
Ken K Y Ho
Centres for Health Research, Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland and The Translation Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Energy expenditure Food intake stimulates energy expenditure, a phenomenon commonly referred to as diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) ( Fig. 1 ). It is also termed the thermic effect of food or the specific dynamic action of food. Depending on
Marc Schneeberger
Marc Schneeberger
Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Ramon Gomis
Ramon Gomis
Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Marc Claret
Marc Claret
Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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least two major populations of neurons controlling appetite and energy expenditure: i) a subset of neurons that coexpress orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AGRP) and ii) a population of neurons that coexpress the anorexigenic
Cheryl A Conover
Cheryl A Conover
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Megan A Mason
Megan A Mason
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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James A Levine
James A Levine
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Colleen M Novak
Colleen M Novak
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, 5-194 Joseph, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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metabolic rate ( Krystal & Yu 1994 ). Caloric restriction in rhesus monkeys also results in decreased core temperature and 24 h energy expenditure ( Lane et al . 1996 ). On the other hand, there are several examples of reduced insulin and/or IGF-I signaling
Monisha Rajasekaran
Monisha Rajasekaran
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
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Ok-Joo Sul
Ok-Joo Sul
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
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Eun-Kyung Choi
Eun-Kyung Choi
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
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Ji-Eun Kim
Ji-Eun Kim
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
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Jae-Hee Suh
Jae-Hee Suh
Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Korea
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Hye-Seon Choi
Hye-Seon Choi
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
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are also present in white adipose tissues (WAT) mainly at the subcutaneous depots, known as beige cells. Increased browning elevates energy expenditure and improves insulin sensitivity ( Stanford et al. 2013 ). Browning has been shown to be promoted
Peixin Li
Peixin Li
Department of Comprehensive Surgery, Medical and Health Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Zhijian Rao
Zhijian Rao
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Brenton Thomas Laing
Brenton Thomas Laing
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Wyatt Bunner
Wyatt Bunner
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Taylor Landry
Taylor Landry
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Amber Prete
Amber Prete
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Yuan Yuan
Yuan Yuan
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Zhong-Tao Zhang
Zhong-Tao Zhang
Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research & National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Hu Huang
Hu Huang
East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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). Peripheral signals that induce changes in eating behavior and energy expenditure after VSG need to be transmitted to the brain. This may occur either via vagal or non-vagal afferent nerve signaling or directly via blood circulation ( Berthoud 2008 ). However
