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Sihan Lv Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Xinchen Qiu Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Jian Li Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Jinye Liang Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Weida Li Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Chao Zhang Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Zhen-Ning Zhang Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy & Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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Bing Luan Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China

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( Louet et al . 2002 ). cAMP has been reported to have both intracellular and extracellular functions. cAMP is secreted from multiple tissues including kidney ( Coulson & Bowman 1974 ), liver ( Constantin et al . 1997 ) and adipose tissue ( Strouch et

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Hyuck Joon Kwon Research Center for Cooperative Projects, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan

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& Sanderson 1999 , Hanley et al . 2004 ). These facts raise the possibility that extracellular ATP plays an active role in generating the Ca 2+ -driven ATP oscillations during chondrogenesis. It has been known that protein kinases such as cAMP

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Ramanaiah Mamillapalli Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, TAC S131, PO Box 208020, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8020, USA

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John Wysolmerski Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, TAC S131, PO Box 208020, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8020, USA

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melanotroph cell lines with extracellular calcium increased, rather than decreased, intracellular cAMP levels ( Emanuel et al . 1996 , Romoli et al . 1999 , Zivadinovic et al . 2002 , van den Hurk et al . 2008 ). Given the recent data showing that the

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Yu-Chyu Chen Medical and Research Services, WJB Dorn Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, South Carolina 29201, USA
Department of Medicine, Medical Library Building, Suite 316, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430, USA

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Madan L Nagpal Medical and Research Services, WJB Dorn Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, South Carolina 29201, USA
Department of Medicine, Medical Library Building, Suite 316, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430, USA

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Douglas M Stocco Medical and Research Services, WJB Dorn Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, South Carolina 29201, USA
Department of Medicine, Medical Library Building, Suite 316, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430, USA

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Tu Lin Medical and Research Services, WJB Dorn Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, South Carolina 29201, USA
Department of Medicine, Medical Library Building, Suite 316, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430, USA

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-stimulated progesterone secretion (Fig. 7A ). However, neither mibefradil nor verapamil had an inhibitory effect on quercetin-plus cAMP-stimulated StAR promoter activity (Fig. 7B ). Together, these results supported the view that extracellular Ca 2+ influx is required for

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Marie Saint-Dizier Unité de Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 6175 INRA-CNRS-Université F. Rabelais de Tours-Haras Nationaux, 37 380 Nouzilly, France.

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Florence Foulon-Gauze Unité de Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 6175 INRA-CNRS-Université F. Rabelais de Tours-Haras Nationaux, 37 380 Nouzilly, France.

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François Lecompte Unité de Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 6175 INRA-CNRS-Université F. Rabelais de Tours-Haras Nationaux, 37 380 Nouzilly, France.

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Yves Combarnous Unité de Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 6175 INRA-CNRS-Université F. Rabelais de Tours-Haras Nationaux, 37 380 Nouzilly, France.

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Maryse Chopineau Unité de Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, UMR 6175 INRA-CNRS-Université F. Rabelais de Tours-Haras Nationaux, 37 380 Nouzilly, France.

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(Gonal-F, Serono, Geneva, Switzerland). cAMP secreted into the extracellular medium was measured using a radioimmunoassay kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Immunotech, Marseille, France). Briefly, cell supernatants were desiccated

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Nele Schwarz Centre of Molecular Endocrinology, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
Research Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK

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Derek Renshaw Centre of Molecular Endocrinology, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
Research Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK

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Supriya Kapas Centre of Molecular Endocrinology, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
Research Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK

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Joy P Hinson Centre of Molecular Endocrinology, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
Research Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK

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. 1993 ), reviewed by Hinson et al. (2000) . AM was initially characterized by its ability to stimulate cAMP production in human platelets and exerted a potent and long-lasting vasodilative effect in the rat ( Kitamura et al. 1993 ). AM has been

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M-J Kim Departments of Physiology and
Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 150-030, Korea
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Puchon City 420-743, Korea

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J-H Kang Departments of Physiology and
Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 150-030, Korea
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Puchon City 420-743, Korea

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Y G Park Departments of Physiology and
Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 150-030, Korea
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Puchon City 420-743, Korea

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G R Ryu Departments of Physiology and
Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 150-030, Korea
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Puchon City 420-743, Korea

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S H Ko Departments of Physiology and
Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 150-030, Korea
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Puchon City 420-743, Korea

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I-K Jeong Departments of Physiology and
Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 150-030, Korea
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Puchon City 420-743, Korea

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K-H Koh Departments of Physiology and
Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 150-030, Korea
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Puchon City 420-743, Korea

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D-J Rhie Departments of Physiology and
Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 150-030, Korea
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Puchon City 420-743, Korea

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S H Yoon Departments of Physiology and
Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 150-030, Korea
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Puchon City 420-743, Korea

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S J Hahn Departments of Physiology and
Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 150-030, Korea
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Puchon City 420-743, Korea

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M-S Kim Departments of Physiology and
Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 150-030, Korea
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Puchon City 420-743, Korea

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Y-H Jo Departments of Physiology and
Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 150-030, Korea
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Puchon City 420-743, Korea

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GLP-1 receptor coupled with G s proteins, which stimulates adenylate cyclase, leading to an increase in intracellular cAMP levels and an activation of protein kinase A (PKA; Drucker et al. 1987 , Leech et al. 1999 ). cAMP-responsive element (CRE

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O A Sukocheva Division of Human Immunology, Signal Transduction Laboratory, Hanson Institute for Cancer Research, IMVS, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
Department of Biometry and Statistics, School of Public Health, University at Albany, SUNY, One University Place, Rensselaer, New York 12144, USA

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D O Carpenter Division of Human Immunology, Signal Transduction Laboratory, Hanson Institute for Cancer Research, IMVS, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
Department of Biometry and Statistics, School of Public Health, University at Albany, SUNY, One University Place, Rensselaer, New York 12144, USA

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; Lin et al. 1999 , Yen 2001 , D’Arezzo et al. 2004 ). Activation of the MAPK cascade by physiological concentrations of THs caused translocation of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) to the cell nucleus resulting in serine

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Mélissa Otis Service of Endocrinology,
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Health sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Quebec, Canada J1H 5N4

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Shirley Campbell Service of Endocrinology,
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Health sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Quebec, Canada J1H 5N4

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Marcel D Payet Service of Endocrinology,
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Health sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Quebec, Canada J1H 5N4

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Nicole Gallo-Payet Service of Endocrinology,
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Health sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Quebec, Canada J1H 5N4

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277 19922 –19928. Houslay MD & Kolch W 2000 Cell-type specific integration of cross-talk between extracellular signal-regulated kinase and cAMP signaling. Molecular Pharmacology 58 659 –668

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Jorge G Ferreira Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology,
Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Porto, Portugal
IPATIMUP Porto Portugal

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Célia D Cruz Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology,
Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Porto, Portugal
IPATIMUP Porto Portugal

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Delminda Neves Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology,
Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Porto, Portugal
IPATIMUP Porto Portugal

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Duarte Pignatelli Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology,
Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Porto, Portugal
IPATIMUP Porto Portugal

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its specific receptor on the cell membrane, ACTH leads to an increase in cAMP levels and activation of protein kinase A (PKA; Seelig & Sayers 1973 , Cooke 1999 ). As a consequence, there is a direct regulation of the biosynthesis of some

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