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Restricted feeding schedules (RFSs) produce a behavioral activation known as anticipatory activity, which is a manifestation of a food-entrained oscillator (FEO). The liver could be playing a role in the physiology of FEO. Here we demonstrate that the activity of liver selenoenzyme deiodinase type 1 (D1), which transforms thyroxine into triiodothyronine (T3), decreases before food access and increases after food presentation in RFSs. These changes in D1 activity were not due to variations in D1 mRNA. In contrast, a 24 h fast promoted a decrease in both D1 activity and mRNA content. The adjustment in hepatic D1 activity was accompanied by a similar modification in T3-dependent malic enzyme, suggesting that the local generation of T3 has physiological implications in the liver. These results support the notion that the physiological state of rats under RFSs is unique and distinct from rats fed freely or fasted for 24 h. Data also suggest a possible role of hepatic D1 enzyme in coordinating the homeorhetic state of the liver when this organ participates in FEO expression.
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interval of 10–12 h during activity phase, regardless of food quality or quantity, reduces body weight ( Gill & Panda 2015 ). Thus, uncoupling the release of rest/activity cycle-induced hormones with feeding schedules by changing eating habits, impairs
Frontier Science Research Center, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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Frontier Science Research Center, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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responses of gastrointestinal hormones to food intake, glucose metabolism, and insulin signaling in male Wistar rats fed SP or CP on a 3-h restricted feeding schedule. We also evaluated energy intake, body weight, energy expenditure, and the amount of food
Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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, Hasegawa Y, Kikkawa Y, Yamaura J, Yamagishi M, Kurose Y, Kojima M, Kangawa K & Terashima Y 2002 A transient ghrelin surge occurs just before feeding in scheduled meal-fed sheep. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 295 255 –260
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Digestive and metabolic processes are entrained by restricted feeding (RFS) schedules and are thought to be potential elements of a food-entrained oscillator (FEO). Due to the close relationship of leptin with metabolic regulation and because leptin is a relevant communication signal of the individual's peripheral metabolic condition with the central nervous system, we explored whether leptin is an endogenous entraining signal from the periphery to a central element of an FEO. First we characterized in the rat the diurnal rhythm of serum leptin (in rats fed ad libitum (AL)), its adjustment to an RFS and the influence of fasting after RFS, or RFS followed by AL feeding and then total food deprivation (RF-AF) in the persistence of this fluctuating pattern. We also explored the response of free fatty acids and stomach weight under the same entraining conditions. We compared the metabolic response with the behavioral expression of drinking anticipatory activity (AA) under the same conditions. Finally, we tested the effect of daily i.c.v administration of leptin as a putative entraining signal for the generation of AA.Metabolic parameters responded to food entrainment by adjusting their phase to mealtime. However, leptin and free fatty acid rhythms persisted only for a few cycles in fasting conditions and readjusted to the light-darkness cycle after an RF-AF protocol. In contrast, behavioral food-entrained rhythms persisted after both fasting manipulations. Daily leptin i.c.v. administration did not produce AA, nor produce changes in the behavioral free-running rhythm. Stomach weight indicated an adaptive process allowing an extreme stomach distension followed by a slow emptying process, which suggests that the stomach may be playing a relevant role as a storage organ. In conclusion, metabolic signals here studied respond to feeding schedules by adjusting their phase to mealtime, but do only persist for a few cycles in fasting. Leptin does not produce AA and thus is not an entraining signal for FEO. The response of metabolic signals to feeding schedules depends on different mechanisms than the expression of AA.
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CENEXA—Centro de Endocrinología Experimentaly Aplicada, CONICET—Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Calle 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
(Received 10 March 1978)
Circadian variations in the serum concentration of immunoreactive insulin in the mouse (Gagliardino & Hernández, 1971) and the effect of fasting and feeding on this rhythm (Pessacq, Rebolledo, Mercer & Gagliardino, 1976) have already been described. However, no information is available on circadian variations in the level of glucagon in the blood of experimental animals and the present experiments were performed to investigate changes in the concentrations of glucagon in the plasma and glycogen and cyclic AMP in the liver of the female mouse over a 24 h period.
Female mice (C3HS strain), 19–21 weeks old, were kept at a constant temperature (25 ± 1·0 °C) under a schedule of 12 h light : 12 h darkness (lights on 06.00–18.00 h) and allowed free
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Leptin suppresses food intake and increases energy expenditure in the hypothalamus. Rats consume most of their daily food intake during the dark phase of the diurnal cycle. Lactating rats have increased food intake, but the involvement of leptin in the regulation of food intake in this physiological condition is not well understood. The present experiment was carried out to determine the circadian pattern of leptin concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in relation to the feeding behavior of non-lactating and lactating rats.Female rats were maintained on a controlled lighting schedule (lights on between 0600 and 1800 h) and the food intake of lactating rats was two- or threefold higher than that of non-lactating rats. In both groups, food intake was three times greater in the dark phase (P<0.01) compared with the light phase. The plasma concentrations of leptin were lower (P<0.01) in lactating rats than non-lactating rats in both light and dark phases, but there were no differences in plasma leptin levels between light and dark phases. In contrast, and in both groups, the leptin concentrations in CSF were lower (P<0.01) in the dark phase than in the light phase. Leptin levels in CSF were lower (P<0.01) in lactating rats than in non-lactating rats. We conclude that a diurnal pattern of leptin levels within the brain (but not in plasma) reflects characteristics of feeding behavior in lactating and non-lactating rats.
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ABSTRACT
The effects of pinealectomy on the daily rhythms of concentrations of tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were investigated in sexually immature female chickens exposed to 21-, 24- and 27-h cycles of light and darkness, or to extended periods of light or darkness for more than 24 h. In pinealectomized and control birds, rhythms in levels of plasma T3 and T4 were entrained by all lighting cycles and decreased in amplitude or disappeared in continuous light or darkness. In pinealectomized and control birds held on 21-h (11 h light: 10 h darkness; 11L: 10D) and 24-h (14L: 10D) lighting cycles, the peak of the T4 rhythm coincided with, or lagged, the trough in the rhythm of T3 while in birds held on a 27-h (14L: 13D) lighting cycle, the peak of the T4 rhythm preceded the trough in the rhythm of T3.
Pinealectomy resulted in significant effects on the phases or amplitudes of rhythms of T3 or T4 in all lighting schedules except 4L: 20D. However, these effects were not consistent in direction between experimental groups and were, therefore, of doubtful physiological significance. Pinealectomy increased the mean level of plasma T4 in birds exposed to continuous light or darkness or to 4L: 20D. A corresponding reduction in mean levels of plasma T3 was seen in birds exposed to continuous light or darkness.
It is concluded that under the lighting conditions investigated pinealectomy had no clear effect on the phases or amplitude of daily rhythms of levels of T4 or T3. However, after the effects of the feeding pattern on thyroid hormone rhythms imposed by the lighting cycle were removed by placing birds in constant lighting conditions, pinealectomy appeared to exert an inhibitory action on thyroid function.
J. Endocr. (1984) 103, 337–345
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Terashima Y 2002 A transient ghrelin surge occurs just before feeding in a scheduled meal-fed sheep . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 295 255 – 260 . Tomasetto C Karam SM Ribieras S Masson R Lefebvre O Staub A Alexander G
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failed to enhance locomotor activity similarly to control mice during scheduled feeding ( Blum et al. 2009 , LeSauter et al. 2009 ) and to preserve glycemic control during severe caloric restriction ( Wang et al. 2014 ). The GHSR could therefore
