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expression in gastric fundus than mice fed a standard diet (lean animals) ( Rotondo et al . 2011 ). One still open question regarding the actions of GLP2 is about its importance in controlling food intake. Although GLP2 has been shown to decrease food intake

amphetamine-related transcript (CART), ultimately leading to changes in food intake ( Blouet & Schwartz 2010 ). These neurons integrate information of peripheral signals, such as i) changes in the levels of nutrients/metabolites like glucose, fatty acids and

in the regulation of energy balance by decreasing food intake and increasing energy expenditure ( Ahima & Osei 2004 , Sahu 2004 ). Central and peripheral administration of leptin reduces food intake and body weight in rats ( Seeley et al

Introduction Food intake is a complex physiological process necessary for the survival, and is affected by both homeostatic mechanisms as well as palatability of food. The homeostatic mechanisms involved in the regulation of food intake and

& Gainetdinov 2011 ). DA plays a critical role in the regulation of food intake. Its action in the hypothalamus is related to the promotion of food intake ( Meguid et al. 2000 ), but in reward circuits, it is associated with the gratifying aspects of food

whether there is a duration or energy cost threshold for a hormonal response. The transient nature of both a suppression of subjective appetite and changes in plasma appetite-associated hormone concentration means that ad libitum food intake can be

i.p. injection of recombinant native leptin also reduces food intake in rainbow trout and affects the expression of hypothalamic appetite-regulating genes ( Murashita et al . 2008 ). In contrast, in fish, a clear relationship between energy balance

using exogenous cortisol have previously linked the growth-suppressing effects of cortisol in fish to its actions on food intake, intermediary metabolism and muscle mass regulation (reviewed by Mommsen et al . (1999) , Bernier (2006) and Picha et

Introduction Malnutrition in older adults may be attributed to several factors, including decreased food intake ( Nieuwenhuizena et al . 2010 ) and reduced energy expenditure resulting from a sedentary lifestyle. Moreover, malnutrition in elderly

Introduction Rats are primarily nocturnal and eat about 85% of their food at night ( Kimura et al. 1970 , Bruckdorfer et al. 1974 ). Lactation increases food intake 3- to 4-fold in rats, reflecting the considerable nutritional