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Brittany M Duggan Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, and Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Daniel M Marko Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, and Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Raveen Muzaffar Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, and Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Darryl Y Chan Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, and Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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Jonathan D Schertzer Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, and Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

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references and focused on literature that highlighted the connection between SMKIs and blood glucose and insulin and also uncovered the mechanisms of action linking metabolism and SMKIs in humans and in pre-clinical studies. SMKIs have opposing effects

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Tanja Jene Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Translational Psychiatry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany

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Inigo Ruiz de Azua Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany

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Annika Hasch Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Translational Psychiatry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany

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Jennifer Klüpfel Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Translational Psychiatry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany

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Julia Deuster Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany

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Mirjam Maas Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands

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Cora H Nijboer Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands

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Beat Lutz Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany

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Marianne B Müller Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Translational Psychiatry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany

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Michael A van der Kooij Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Translational Psychiatry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany

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is the observation that body weights at sacrifice were higher for HFD-last than HFD-post. Leptin impacts food intake and plays an important role in energy balance including glucose metabolism and diabetes ( Klok et al. 2007 , Meek & Morton 2016

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Olivier Dumortier Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France

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Gaia Fabris Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France
Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France

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Didier F Pisani Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France

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Virginie Casamento Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France

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Nadine Gautier Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France

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Charlotte Hinault Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France

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Patricia Lebrun Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France

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Christophe Duranton Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France

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Michel Tauc Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France

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Stéphane Dalle INSERM U1191, Institute of Functional Genomics (IGF), CNRS UMR5203, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France

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Julie Kerr-Conte Translational Research for Diabetes, University of Lille, INSERM, CHRU Lille, Lille, France

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François Pattou Translational Research for Diabetes, University of Lille, INSERM, CHRU Lille, Lille, France

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Marc Prentki CRCHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Nutrition and Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada

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Emmanuel Van Obberghen Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France
Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, Inserm, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France
Université Côte d’Azur, CHU, CNRS, LP2M, Nice, France

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(disallowed genes) ( Quintens et al . 2008 , Pullen & Rutter 2013 ). Indeed, beta cells have a dedicated metabolism comprising a tightly regulated chain of elements from glucose sensors to a specialized exocytosis machinery. Glucose metabolism in beta cells

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Lars P Klieverik Laboratory of Endocrinology, Clinical Chemistry, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Departments of

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Ewout Foppen Laboratory of Endocrinology, Clinical Chemistry, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Departments of
Laboratory of Endocrinology, Clinical Chemistry, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Departments of

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Mariëtte T Ackermans Laboratory of Endocrinology, Clinical Chemistry, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Departments of

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Mireille J Serlie Laboratory of Endocrinology, Clinical Chemistry, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Departments of

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Hans P Sauerwein Laboratory of Endocrinology, Clinical Chemistry, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Departments of

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Thomas S Scanlan Laboratory of Endocrinology, Clinical Chemistry, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Departments of

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David K Grandy Laboratory of Endocrinology, Clinical Chemistry, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Departments of

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Eric Fliers Laboratory of Endocrinology, Clinical Chemistry, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Departments of

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Andries Kalsbeek Laboratory of Endocrinology, Clinical Chemistry, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Departments of
Laboratory of Endocrinology, Clinical Chemistry, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Departments of

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hypothalamus, regulates most of the processes affected by thyronamines (body temperature, cardiac function, and energy metabolism). Moreover, a principal role in regulating hepatic glucose metabolism has recently emerged for the hypothalamus ( Obici et al

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Gustavo Canul-Medina Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico

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Leticia Riverón-Negrete Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico

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Karina Pastén-Hidalgo Cátedra CONACYT, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico

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Paulina Morales-Castillo Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico

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Francisco García-Vázquez Laboratorio de Immunología y Alergia, Departamento de Análisis Clínicos y Estudios Especiales, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico

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Cristina Fernandez-Mejia Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico

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. 1995 , Teixeira et al. 2019 ). During lactation, changes in maternal metabolism occur to fulfill the nutrient and mineral requirements for milk production ( Kovacs 2016 , Canul & Fernandez 2019). Lactating rats present lower glucose and plasma

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Taira Wada Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan

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Yukiko Yamamoto Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan

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Yukiko Takasugi Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan

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Hirotake Ishii Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan

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Taketo Uchiyama Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan

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Kaori Saitoh Department of Psychiatry, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Masahiro Suzuki Department of Psychiatry, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Makoto Uchiyama Department of Psychiatry, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Tokyo Adachi Hospital, Adachi, Tokyo, Japan

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Hikari Yoshitane Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Yoshitaka Fukada Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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Shigeki Shimba Laboratory of Health Science, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabshi, Chiba, Japan

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et al. 1999 ). Because adiponectin is a crucial factor in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress, reduced adiponectin levels play a causal role in the development of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome

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Haijiang Wu Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China

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Xinna Deng Departments of Oncology & Immunotherapy, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China

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Yonghong Shi Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China

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Ye Su Mathew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

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Jinying Wei Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China

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Huijun Duan Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China

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therapy. In this review, we summarize the major findings on the function of PGC-1α in glucose metabolism and discuss its potential therapeutic applications for T2DM. The close correlation between PGC-1α polymorphisms and T2DM is also discussed in this

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Sojin Lee Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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H Henry Dong Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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inhibition of glucose production in the liver ( Perry et al. 2015 ). Thus, insulin modulates hepatic gluconeogenesis via both direct and indirect mechanisms ( Ader & Bergman 1990 , Cherrington 2005 ). FoxO6 in hepatic glucose metabolism Although

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Mathis Grossmann Department of Medicine Austin Health, Department of Endocrinology, University of Melbourne, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
Department of Medicine Austin Health, Department of Endocrinology, University of Melbourne, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia

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70 years of clinical experience. On the other hand, in functional androgen deficiency due to axis suppression because of age-related comorbidities, treatment may aim for a specific health outcome, such as improvement of glucose metabolism, and

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Margaret K Hahn Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Adria Giacca Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Sandra Pereira Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Introduction Breakthroughs in metabolic research rely upon in vivo studies using animal models, usually rodents. Assessment of glucose metabolism in rodents is a key component of diabetes research. Although general guidelines for

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