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references and focused on literature that highlighted the connection between SMKIs and blood glucose and insulin and also uncovered the mechanisms of action linking metabolism and SMKIs in humans and in pre-clinical studies. SMKIs have opposing effects

is the observation that body weights at sacrifice were higher for HFD-last than HFD-post. Leptin impacts food intake and plays an important role in energy balance including glucose metabolism and diabetes ( Klok et al. 2007 , Meek & Morton 2016

(disallowed genes) ( Quintens et al . 2008 , Pullen & Rutter 2013 ). Indeed, beta cells have a dedicated metabolism comprising a tightly regulated chain of elements from glucose sensors to a specialized exocytosis machinery. Glucose metabolism in beta cells

hypothalamus, regulates most of the processes affected by thyronamines (body temperature, cardiac function, and energy metabolism). Moreover, a principal role in regulating hepatic glucose metabolism has recently emerged for the hypothalamus ( Obici et al

. 1995 , Teixeira et al. 2019 ). During lactation, changes in maternal metabolism occur to fulfill the nutrient and mineral requirements for milk production ( Kovacs 2016 , Canul & Fernandez 2019). Lactating rats present lower glucose and plasma

et al. 1999 ). Because adiponectin is a crucial factor in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress, reduced adiponectin levels play a causal role in the development of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome

therapy. In this review, we summarize the major findings on the function of PGC-1α in glucose metabolism and discuss its potential therapeutic applications for T2DM. The close correlation between PGC-1α polymorphisms and T2DM is also discussed in this

inhibition of glucose production in the liver ( Perry et al. 2015 ). Thus, insulin modulates hepatic gluconeogenesis via both direct and indirect mechanisms ( Ader & Bergman 1990 , Cherrington 2005 ). FoxO6 in hepatic glucose metabolism Although

70 years of clinical experience. On the other hand, in functional androgen deficiency due to axis suppression because of age-related comorbidities, treatment may aim for a specific health outcome, such as improvement of glucose metabolism, and

the type of stress pregnant women may experience) with the aim of establishing whether PNS leads to alterations in glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and the expression of genes known to be important in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism and