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Introduction Mammalian body length is primarily determined by longitudinal bone growth that occurs at the growth plate, which is a thin layer of cartilage found near the ends of long bones. The process of longitudinal bone growth occurs by

the proliferation rate of growth plate chondrocytes. These functional senescent changes are accompanied by structural senescent changes. There is a gradual decline in the overall growth plate height, proliferative zone height, hypertrophic zone height

proliferation in the growth plates. With age, this proliferation slows down, causing longitudinal bone growth to slow and eventually stop ( Walker & Kember 1972 ). Also with increasing age, the growth plate undergoes structural changes including a decrease in

Introduction Longitudinal growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate, a thin layer of cartilage entrapped between epiphyseal and metaphyseal bones, at the distal ends of the long bones ( Kronenberg 2003 ). In the growth plate, immature cells lie toward

Introduction The mammalian growth plate is a specialized cartilaginous structure at which longitudinal bone growth occurs. The growth plate is organized into three zones, the resting zone (RZ), the proliferative zone (PZ), and the

Introduction The growth plate cartilage is responsible for achieving the longitudinal growth of long bones. Being a cartilage scaffold, the growth plate remains the weakest part of a long bone and hence prone to injury ( Mizuta et al . 1987

Introduction Linear bone growth results from proliferation, hypertropy, and matrix production of cartilage cells in the growth plate, at whose metaphyseal end bone replaces the cartilage. Characterizing the activities of the growth

Introduction In mammals, longitudinal bone growth occurs primarily at the growth plate. The growth plate contains chondrocytes spatially organized in three distinct zones according to defined stages of differentiation. The resting

cartilage template is formed by condensed mesenchymal cells and later replaced by bone tissue. The process of endochondral ossification starts with the axial proliferation of resting early chondrocytes located at the most epiphyseal end of the growth plate

, leaving a cartilaginous growth plate between the primary and secondary ossification centres, as well as the prospective permanent articular cartilages at each end of the bone. The growth plate is responsible for longitudinal growth of bones. Skeletal