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Ewa Ocłoń Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland

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Anna Latacz Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland

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Joanna Zubel–Łojek Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland

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Krystyna Pierzchała–Koziec Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland

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Introduction Accumulation of visceral adipose tissue has been associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome defined by a combination of insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, increased expression of inflammatory mediators

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Xiaojun Zhou
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Jianjun Dong Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Sonography, Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong Province, China

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Li Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Sonography, Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong Province, China

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Ju Liu Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Sonography, Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong Province, China

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Xiaofeng Dong Department of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Department of Sonography, Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong Province, China

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Qing Yang
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Fupeng Liu
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Lin Liao
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. In the diabetic state, hyperglycemia, which can enhance intimal hyperplasia by induction of platelet hypersensitivity, dyslipidemia, and dysregulation of expression of chemotactic factors ( Barbieri et al . 2013 , Zeadin et al . 2013 ), is

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Junhong Chen Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China

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Jing Sun Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China

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Michelle E Doscas Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Jin Ye Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Ashley J Williamson Rush Medical College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Yanchun Li Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Yi Li Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

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Richard A Prinz Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, Illinois, USA

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Xiulong Xu Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China

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-term use ( Nathan 2015 ). Failure to control hyperglycemia leads to diabetic complications, which account for most diabetes-related morbidity and mortality ( Nathan 2015 ). Because of physical inactivity and circulating inflammatory cytokines, diabetic

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Qiong You Department of Cardiovasology, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Guangdong, Zhanjiang, China

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Zijun Wu Department of Cardiovasology, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Guangdong, Zhanjiang, China

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Bin Wu Department of Cardiovasology, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Guangdong, Zhanjiang, China

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Chang Liu Department of Cardiovasology, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Guangdong, Zhanjiang, China

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Ruina Huang Department of Cardiovasology, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Guangdong, Zhanjiang, China

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Li Yang Department of Cardiovasology, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Guangdong, Zhanjiang, China

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Runmin Guo Department of Cardiovasology, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Guangdong, Zhanjiang, China

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Keng Wu Department of Cardiovasology, The Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Guangdong, Zhanjiang, China

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Jingfu Chen Department of Cardiology, The Third People’s Hospital of Dongguan City, Cardiovascular Institute of Dongguan City, Dongguan, Guangdong, China

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failure ( Lakdawala et al . 2013 , Camafort 2015 ) and sudden death in young people ( Ellis & Di Salvo 2007 ). DCM is different from hypertensive cardiomyopathy and is a unique cardiovascular disease due to hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress

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Qiongge Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China

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Chaoqun Wang Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China

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Yehua Tang Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China

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Qiangqiang Zhu Department of Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China

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Yongcheng Li Department of Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China

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Haiyan Chen Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China

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Yi Bao Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China

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Song Xue Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China

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Liangliang Sun Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China

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Wei Tang Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China

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Xiangfang Chen Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China

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Yongquan Shi Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China

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Lefeng Qu Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China

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Bin Lu Department of Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China

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Jiaoyang Zheng Department of Endocrinology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China

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Introduction Hyperglycemia is believed to play a major role in the development of diabetic macrovascular complications, including atherosclerosis and restenosis, which are responsible for the most of disability and mortality observed in

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Kok Lim Kua Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Shanming Hu Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Chunlin Wang Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Jianrong Yao Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Diana Dang Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Alexander B Sawatzke Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Jeffrey L Segar Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Kai Wang Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Andrew W Norris Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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diabetes have received little experimental attention to date. Diabetes during pregnancy exposes the fetus to multiple perturbations during a critical development period. These perturbations extend beyond hyperglycemia and include maternal ketosis, altered

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Gen Chen School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

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Xiangjuan Chen Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

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Chao Niu The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

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Xiaozhong Huang The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

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Ning An School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

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Jia Sun School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

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Shuai Huang School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

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Weijian Ye The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

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Santie Li School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

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Yingjie Shen School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

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Jiaojiao Liang School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

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Weitao Cong School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

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Litai Jin School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China

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, activation of Nrf2 has been shown to be protective against hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis and cell damage in renal, cardiac and vascular cells ( Li et al. 2012 ). Hence, Nrf2 signaling represents a therapeutic target for cardiovascular complications in

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David A Baltzegar Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7617, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7617, USA

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Benjamin J Reading Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7617, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7617, USA

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Jonathon D Douros Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7617, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7617, USA

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Russell J Borski Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7617, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7617, USA

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hyperglycemia in fishes ( Mommsen 2000 ). Similarly, cortisol promotes hyperglycemia through gluconeogenesis in fishes and mammals ( Vijayan et al . 1996 , Khani & Tayek 2001 ), but it also promotes sodium excretion through the gill during SW adaptation

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Shiying Shao Department of Clinical Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Institute of Medical Biology, Department of Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Block A, #03-04, 7 Hospital Drive, SingHealth Research Facility, Singapore, 169611 Singapore
Department of Clinical Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Institute of Medical Biology, Department of Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Block A, #03-04, 7 Hospital Drive, SingHealth Research Facility, Singapore, 169611 Singapore

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Yun Gao Department of Clinical Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Institute of Medical Biology, Department of Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Block A, #03-04, 7 Hospital Drive, SingHealth Research Facility, Singapore, 169611 Singapore

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Bing Xie Department of Clinical Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Institute of Medical Biology, Department of Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Block A, #03-04, 7 Hospital Drive, SingHealth Research Facility, Singapore, 169611 Singapore
Department of Clinical Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Institute of Medical Biology, Department of Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Block A, #03-04, 7 Hospital Drive, SingHealth Research Facility, Singapore, 169611 Singapore

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Fei Xie Department of Clinical Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Institute of Medical Biology, Department of Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Block A, #03-04, 7 Hospital Drive, SingHealth Research Facility, Singapore, 169611 Singapore

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Sai Kiang Lim Department of Clinical Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Institute of Medical Biology, Department of Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Block A, #03-04, 7 Hospital Drive, SingHealth Research Facility, Singapore, 169611 Singapore
Department of Clinical Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Institute of Medical Biology, Department of Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Block A, #03-04, 7 Hospital Drive, SingHealth Research Facility, Singapore, 169611 Singapore

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GuoDong Li Department of Clinical Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Institute of Medical Biology, Department of Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Block A, #03-04, 7 Hospital Drive, SingHealth Research Facility, Singapore, 169611 Singapore
Department of Clinical Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Institute of Medical Biology, Department of Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Block A, #03-04, 7 Hospital Drive, SingHealth Research Facility, Singapore, 169611 Singapore

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cells. In addition, these cells can be stably expanded to a large number with no loss in insulin content ( Li et al . 2009 b ). In vivo , MEPI-1 cells engraft and reverse streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemia in SCID mice without producing

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Prabhakara R Nagareddy Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, UK

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Sunil K Noothi Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, UK

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Michelle C Flynn Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

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Andrew J Murphy Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

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) Obesity indirectly promotes myelopoiesis by stimulating IL-1β production from ATM in VAT. (C) Hyperglycemia induces an upregulation in S100A8/A9 that travels to BM to stimulate myelopoiesis. ATM, adipose tissue macrophages; BM, bone marrow; HSPC

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