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functions involved in immune and inflammatory responses and tumour development have been reported for galectins over the last decade including roles in cellular adhesion, migration and survival (see Elola et al . 2007 , Yang et al . 2008 for recent
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inflammatory adipokine response in mature adipocytes using three different approaches: selective stimulation with receptor agonists, acute knockdown of the GR in differentiated adipocytes using RNA interference and the generation and characterisation of GR and
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State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP) at City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China
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). Interestingly, a recent study has attributed the remarkable regenerative capacity of the zebrafish heart to this organism’s enhanced inflammatory and immune response ( Lai et al . 2017 ). The conservation of genetic pathways between zebrafish and mammals
Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion, but is now known to have multiple functions besides the regulation of gonadal activity ( Woodruff 1998 ). The release of activin A into the bloodstream in response to an acute inflammatory challenge
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carcinoma development ( Duan et al . 2013 , Yu et al . 2013 ). Inflammation is closely connected to the evolution of NAFLD into NASH. In particular, the host inflammatory response to gut microbiota is emerging as a key player in the development and
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The effects on plasma follistatin concentrations of an inflammatory episode, induced by the intrathoracic injection of yeast, were examined in growing lambs; this model results in acute loss of appetite, food intake and liveweight and the activation of the acute-phase pathway for several weeks as adjudged by the production of haptoglobin and other acute-phase proteins. In these animals (n = 8) there was a biphasic response in follistatin concentrations, with an initial 200% increase (P < 0.001) in follistatin within 24 h of injection of yeast. Thereafter, follistatin concentrations were depressed to 70% of pretreatment levels 48 h after injection (P < 0.01), followed by a gradual recovery of concentrations to pretreatment values. In another group of lambs (n = 16) that were feed-restricted to mimic the reduced food intakes and liveweight changes in the yeast-injected group, plasma follistatin was also reduced to around 70% of pretreatment levels (P < 0.01) within 1 day of the dietary regimen being implemented, followed by a gradual return to pretreatment values as food intakes were increased. Plasma follistatin correlated significantly (r = 0.57, P < 0.0001) with food intake, but not with liveweight changes. Plasma follistatin concentrations were unchanged in a third group fed ad libitum (n = 8), except during two periods when food intakes were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced, when follistatin concentrations also decreased (P < 0.01). Plasma follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations in the three groups of lambs were not significantly affected by the treatment regimes or changes in follistatin concentrations. These findings indicate that peripheral follistatin concentrations are modulated by both inflammatory and nutritional mechanisms, and that significant fluctuations in follistatin levels can occur without detectable perturbations in FSH secretion.
Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Translational Proteomics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Translational Proteomics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
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Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Translational Proteomics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
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Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Translational Proteomics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
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nuclear factor κB (NFKB; Lappas et al . 2006 ). NFKB is a ubiquitous and inducible, transcription factor that is a central regulator of immune and inflammatory responses, cell adhesion, differentiation, redox metabolism and apoptosis ( Courtois
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assessment of isolated populations or deduced from cohort differences due to sex or suppression of endogenous hormones. It is well known that sexual dimorphism in immune responses affects the prevalence and severity of a range of inflammatory conditions, but
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tissues of patients with T2D also revealed the presence of immune cells within the endocrine pancreas ( Donath et al. 2008 ). Diabetes-associated glucolipotoxicity has been shown to induce an inflammatory response in the islets, notably by inducing
