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induces all major metabolic disorders, especially diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and fatty liver disease ( Eckel et al . 2005 ). Mounting evidence also links obesity to a growing list of debilitating disorders including neurodegenerative

Introduction With the increasing prevalence of obesity worldwide, there is a drastic rise in the incidence of metabolic diseases. Metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)/insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease are only a few

Introduction It is well established that patients with metabolic diseases, in particular insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), are more than twice as likely to develop accelerated cardiovascular disease (CVD) including

, Kupelian et al . 2006 , Rodriguez et al . 2007 , Selvin et al . 2007 , Haring et al . 2009 ). The causality of this relationship between low testosterone and metabolic disease is unclear with obesity-induced androgen deficiency and hypogonadism

had diabetes worldwide in 2011, and this number is predicted to rise to 522 million by 2030, with a high economic cost for disease management ( Whiting et al . 2011 ). Table 1 Clinical criteria for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome Metabolic

outcomes. We discuss the role of different metabolites produced by the microbiota in host metabolism and how specific nutrients may promote either beneficial or deleterious effects on host health. Role of microbiota in the onset of metabolic diseases

increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). It is currently not known which mechanisms behind the development of the metabolic syndrome are primary and secondary; however, visceral obesity seems to be a major

& Hargreaves 2020 , Thyfault & Bergouignan 2020 ). Many of these chronic diseases are underpinned by metabolic dysfunction and are increasing in prevalence in countries across the world. Therefore, developing targeted and better-defined lifestyle approaches

disease ( Kelly & Jones 2013 b ). The hypogonadal–obesity cycle hypothesis was originally proposed by Cohen in 1999 to explain the relationship between low testosterone levels and metabolic disease. It was based on the finding that obesity impairs