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. 1978 , Maclaren et al. 1980 , Kava et al. 1992 , Shi et al. 1994 , Weksler-Zangen et al. 2001 ). Removal of testosterone from the sex-steroid milieu of the male animal improved insulin sensitivity in most studies, and thus was protective
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Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’, Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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activates c-Src family tyrosine kinases . Molecular Cell 8 269 – 280 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00304-5 ) 10.1016/S1097-2765(01)00304-5 11545730 Bourque M Dluzen DE Di Paolo T 2009 Neuroprotective actions of sex steroids in
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Soon after the sex steroid hormones were first identified, isolated and synthesized, they were found to have potent effects on sex determination and sexual differentiation in various fish, amphibians, reptiles and, to a lesser extent, birds (reviewed in Burns 1961). However, there was no evidence that these chemicals could influence gonadal differentiation in mammals, although they were recognized to mediate differentiation of accessory and secondary sex characteristics. Indeed, conventional wisdom today holds that steroid hormones play no role in sex determination in mammals, and it is only following gonadal differentiation that steroid hormones produced by the ovaries or testes sculpt the characters that distinguish males from females. Thus, with the exception of limited research in aquaculture and poultry science, the study of the role of sex hormones in vertebrate sex determination essentially ceased by midcentury, with the result that current texts focus on the molecular genetics of sex determination in
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Introduction Sex steroids are mainly synthesized by the gonads (testis and ovary), but the adrenals constitute an additional source ( Vanderschueren et al . 2004 , Callewaert et al . 2010 a ). Sex steroids are involved in the regulation of a
Department of Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Department of Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Department of Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Department of Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Department of Medicine, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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peptide and the sex steroid increased the number of cells that secreted adrenomedullin, both hormones induced an increase in the mean level of expression of adrenomedullin mRNA (Fig. 5 ), the effect being statistically significant for testosterone
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Department of Physiology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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Department of Physiology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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Department of Physiology, Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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Introduction Imbalanced action of sex steroid hormones, i.e. androgens and estrogens, is involved in the pathogenesis of various severe diseases in humans. Hormone-dependent cancers are commonly lethal both in women and in men, with breast cancer
National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Laboratory of Metabolism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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to direct hormonal regulation and were known as ‘un-inducible’ CYPs ( Daskalopoulos et al . 2012 b ). However, previous studies showed that sex steroid hormones affect the expression of CYP2D in the rat brain. In particular, testosterone treatment
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important to understand the physiological function of this highly restricted tissue-specific gene to gain insight into the physiological effects of sexual steroids in the kidney. In this report, we further explored the tissue distribution and sex-steroid
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enzymes whose activity is influenced by sex steroids ( Spike et al. 1992 , Gibson et al. 1999 , Coto-Montes et al. 2001 ). In fact, the female hamster has considerably more porphyrins than the male ( Spike et al. 1985 , 1986 ). These
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estriol. E 2 is the most active estrogen and the predominant female sex steroid during the reproductive years. In addition to these classical estrogens, there are various other steroidal and non-steroidal compounds that are able to interact with estrogen
