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Christina Antza Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Georgios Kostopoulos Department of Endocrinology, 424 General Military Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece

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Samiul Mostafa Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Krishnarajah Nirantharakumar Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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Abd Tahrani Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Centre of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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not only might increase the risk of developing obesity but might also affect the outcome of weight loss interventions. Whether sleep manipulation when combined with weight loss interventions enhance the outcomes of these interventions need to be

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Galit Levi Dunietz Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Lucas J Tittle Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Sunni L Mumford Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Louise M O’Brien Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Ana Baylin Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Enrique F Schisterman Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Ronald D Chervin Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

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Larry J Young Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

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light onset ( Lancel et al. 2003 ). However, one study reported that a single OT intervention, 15 min prior to testing, promoted sleep time in prairie voles ( Mahalati et al. 1991 ). In summary, chronic manipulations of OT in rats through continuous

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Michael Hastings Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK

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John S O’Neill Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK

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Elizabeth S Maywood Division of Neurobiology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK

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disorder, the demands of modern working schedules or experimental manipulations, there are long-term consequences for health. For example, disruption of this regular endocrine programme by poor sleep patterns can have a severe impact on metabolic and mental

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Shannon M Bailey Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pathology

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Uduak S Udoh Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pathology

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Martin E Young Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Pathology

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Introduction Both energetic supply and demand fluctuate as a function of time-of-day, concomitant with daily sleep–wake and fasting–feeding cycles. It is therefore not surprising that marked diurnal variations in metabolism are observed at multiple

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Jonathan D Johnston Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK

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Debra J Skene Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK

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(reviewed in Skene & Arendt (2006) ). Compared with core body temperature and cortisol rhythms, melatonin is least affected by activity, sleep, meals and stress. The timing of the rhythm can be measured by estimating the time of melatonin onset, peak or

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Danuzia A Marques Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil

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Luis Gustavo A Patrone Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil

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Carolina S Scarpellini Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
Brain & Breathing Science Laboratory, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada

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Kênia C Bícego Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil

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Raphael E Szawka Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais – UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Luciane H Gargaglioni Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil

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Introduction Many breathing disorders, such as sleep apnea and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), have a higher occurrence in males than in females, which may indicate the existence of sex differences in respiratory control ( Kapsimalis

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Ryun S Ahn
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Jee H Choi Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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Bum C Choi Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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Jung H Kim Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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Sung H Lee Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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Simon S Sung Graduate School of Integrative Medicine, Hormone Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Family Medicine, Department of Life sciences, Research Institute of Integrative Medicine, CHA Medical University, Yuksam‐dong 605, Kangnamgu, Seoul 135-907, Republic of Korea

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after the onset of sleep. The most distinctive feature of the cortisol secretory rhythm is a sharp increase in cortisol levels in serum and in saliva within the first 30–45 min after awakening from nocturnal sleep ( Pruessner et al . 1997 , Wilhelm et

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Da-Long Ren Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People's Republic of China

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Ai-Ai Sun Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People's Republic of China

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Ya-Juan Li Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People's Republic of China

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Min Chen Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People's Republic of China

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Shu-Chao Ge Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People's Republic of China

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Bing Hu Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, People's Republic of China

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rhythm-dependent basic functions of zebrafish physiology, including sleep ( Zhdanova 2011 , Elbaz et al . 2013 ), diet ( Lima-Cabello et al . 2014 ), development ( Kazimi & Cahill 1999 , de Borsetti et al . 2011 ), and reproduction ( Reiter et al

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Dario R Lemos Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of

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Jodi L Downs Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of
Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of
Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of

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Martin N Raitiere Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of

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Henryk F Urbanski Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of
Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of
Division of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA Departments of

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adaptation to the seasonal variations that occur in a natural environment throughout the year. It is well established that circadian rhythms are intrinsic to a wide range of body functions, including the sleep–wake cycle, metabolism, immune response, and

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S A Cavigelli
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S L Monfort
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T K Whitney
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Y S Mechref
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M Novotny
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M K McClintock
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circadian glucocorticoid rhythm is altered in several pathological states; e.g. major depressive disorder ( Sachar et al. 1973 , Linkowski et al. 1985 , Pfohl et al. 1985 ), Alzheimer’s disease, sleep deprivation ( Spiegel et al. 1999 ), and normal

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