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Benoit Cox Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Heleen Roose Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Annelies Vennekens Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Hugo Vankelecom Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Pituitary stem cells: purported players in pituitary housekeeping The pituitary gland acts as the governor of the endocrine system, integrating inputs from the central hypothalamus and from peripheral grounds to adjust the output of endocrine

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Benoit Cox Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Emma Laporte Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Annelies Vennekens Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Hiroto Kobayashi Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
Department of Anatomy and Structural Science, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan

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Charlotte Nys Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Indra Van Zundert Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Hiroshi Uji-i Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Alizée Vercauteren Drubbel Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Brussels, Belgium

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Benjamin Beck Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Brussels, Belgium
WELBIO, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Heleen Roose Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Matteo Boretto Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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Hugo Vankelecom Department of Development and Regeneration, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Unit of Stem Cell Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium

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composition in a strict way, both in basal and hormone-demanding conditions. A key player in achieving appropriate cell remodeling in the gland may be the local stem cells since tissue stem cells typically generate new functional cells during homeostatic

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Michael G White Diabetes Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Cellular Medicine, North East Stem Cell Institute, Newcastle University, 4th Floor William Leech Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK

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Hussain R Al-Turaifi Diabetes Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Cellular Medicine, North East Stem Cell Institute, Newcastle University, 4th Floor William Leech Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK

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Graham N Holliman Diabetes Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Cellular Medicine, North East Stem Cell Institute, Newcastle University, 4th Floor William Leech Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK

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Ali Aldibbiat Diabetes Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Cellular Medicine, North East Stem Cell Institute, Newcastle University, 4th Floor William Leech Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK

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Aiman Mahmoud Diabetes Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Cellular Medicine, North East Stem Cell Institute, Newcastle University, 4th Floor William Leech Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK

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James A M Shaw Diabetes Research Group, Medical School, Institute of Cellular Medicine, North East Stem Cell Institute, Newcastle University, 4th Floor William Leech Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK

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and isolated putative stem cells from adult pancreas ( Seaberg et al . 2004 , Suzuki et al . 2004 , Eberhardt et al . 2006 ), but the expression of the pluripotency-associated embryonic stem (ES) cell markers has only been reported in exploratory

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Subhshri Sahu
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David Tosh Stem Cells and Diabetes Section, Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007, India

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Anandwardhan A Hardikar
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for obtaining insulin-producing cells: existing β-cells from the other pancreatic cell types (endocrine, acinar or ductal), provoking regeneration from human embryonic stem cells, recapitulating the normal sequence of developmental events that leads to

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Alessandra Fierabracci Research Laboratories, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù Research Institute, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Piazza S. Onofrio, 4, 00165 Rome, Italy

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Introduction Recent discoveries in stem cell research both in vitro and in vivo have opened new pathways for understanding many of the physiological mechanisms controlling basic biological processes as well as disease mechanisms. Although

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Scott Haston Developmental Biology and Cancer Research Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK

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Saba Manshaei Developmental Biology and Cancer Research Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK

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Juan Pedro Martinez-Barbera Developmental Biology and Cancer Research Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK

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populations of stem/progenitor cells, which contribute to the production of hormone-producing cells during development and postnatal life ( Garcia-Lavandeira et al. 2015 ). Stem-like cells have also been identified from pituitary adenomas and other pituitary

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Kyle Caires Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, PO Box 646353, Pullman, Washington 99164-6353, USA

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Johnathan Broady Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, PO Box 646353, Pullman, Washington 99164-6353, USA

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Derek McLean Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, PO Box 646353, Pullman, Washington 99164-6353, USA

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male. The kinetics of sperm production were first described in rodents ( Oakberg 1956 ) with the knowledge of the presence of adult stem cells, such as hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), scientists hypothesized that germ cell differentiation in the testis

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Christopher J Burns Beta Cell Development and Function Group, King’s College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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Shanta J Persaud Beta Cell Development and Function Group, King’s College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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Peter M Jones Beta Cell Development and Function Group, King’s College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK

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from heartbeating donors, and what is now required is an essentially limitless supply of a physiologically competent substitute for primary human islets of Langerhans. Beta cells from stem cells Recent advances in stem cell biology

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Min Lu Department of Medicine, Molecular, Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1055, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA Departments of

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Reigh-Yi Lin Department of Medicine, Molecular, Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1055, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA Departments of
Department of Medicine, Molecular, Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1055, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA Departments of
Department of Medicine, Molecular, Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1055, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA Departments of
Department of Medicine, Molecular, Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1055, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, New York 10029, USA Departments of

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preadipocytes differentiate from multipotent stem cells of mesodermal origin, this approach precludes the study of anything other than terminal differentiation. In contrast, we have developed a murine embryonic stem (ES) cell-based differentiation model to

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Min Zhao
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Stephanie A Amiel
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Michael R Christie
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Paolo Muiesan Department of Diabetes, Institutes of Liver Studies, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, Bessemer Road, London SE5 9PJ, UK

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Parthi Srinivasan Department of Diabetes, Institutes of Liver Studies, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, Bessemer Road, London SE5 9PJ, UK

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Wendy Littlejohn Department of Diabetes, Institutes of Liver Studies, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, Bessemer Road, London SE5 9PJ, UK

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Mohamed Rela Department of Diabetes, Institutes of Liver Studies, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, Bessemer Road, London SE5 9PJ, UK

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Matthew Arno Department of Diabetes, Institutes of Liver Studies, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, Bessemer Road, London SE5 9PJ, UK

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Nigel Heaton Department of Diabetes, Institutes of Liver Studies, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, Bessemer Road, London SE5 9PJ, UK

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Guo Cai Huang
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the progression of Type 2 diabetes. The presence of adult stem cells or pancreatic-specific progenitor cells in human pancreas is controversial. In animals, the β-cell population does increase following pancreas duct ligation ( Wang et al . 1995 ) or

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