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ABSTRACT
An extract of a tumour metastases from a human medullary thyroid carcinoma contained a high concentration (at least 2·9 nmol/g wet weight) of the immunoregulatory peptide, thymosin-β4. The peptide was isolated as a mixture of two components with free and blocked NH2-terminal amino acid residues, the latter form predominating (approximately 98% of the total). The primary structure of the peptide was established by automated Edman degradation after cleavage with cyanogen bromide. The amino acid sequence of human thymosin-β4 was identical to thymosin-β4 previously isolated from calf thymus. Further studies are warranted to determine whether thymosin-β4 production is a useful marker for thyroid and other tumours.
J. Endocr. (1988) 118, 155–159
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Introduction
Communication between the neuroendocrine and immune systems is crucial to host defence in both health and disease for it provides a humoral means whereby the central nervous system may fine tune the immune system and thereby bring to bear the influence of a variety of physical, emotional and environmental factors. In the past decade, several lines of communication between the two systems have been identified. These include direct autonomic innervation of lymphoid tissues and humoral factors derived from immune cells (e.g. cytokines, eicosanoids, peptides) and peripheral endocrine glands (e.g. peptides, steroids). Central to this complex interplay are the thymic hormones, a heterogeneous family of polypeptides produced by the thymic epithelium whose members include thymosin α1, thymosin β4, thymopoietin, thymulin, MB-35 and a number of less well-characterized peptides (Table 1). These peptides possess a spectrum of immunoregulatory properties. In addition, they provide the basis of a significant humoral
Arthur G Janes Cancer Center and Richard J Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
Unit of Immuno-oncology Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., ‘Gabriele D’Annunzio’ University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
Edison Biotechnology Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
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Arthur G Janes Cancer Center and Richard J Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
Unit of Immuno-oncology Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., ‘Gabriele D’Annunzio’ University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
Edison Biotechnology Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
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Arthur G Janes Cancer Center and Richard J Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
Unit of Immuno-oncology Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., ‘Gabriele D’Annunzio’ University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
Edison Biotechnology Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
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Arthur G Janes Cancer Center and Richard J Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
Unit of Immuno-oncology Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., ‘Gabriele D’Annunzio’ University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
Edison Biotechnology Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
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Arthur G Janes Cancer Center and Richard J Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
Unit of Immuno-oncology Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., ‘Gabriele D’Annunzio’ University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
Edison Biotechnology Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
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Arthur G Janes Cancer Center and Richard J Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
Unit of Immuno-oncology Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., ‘Gabriele D’Annunzio’ University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
Edison Biotechnology Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
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Arthur G Janes Cancer Center and Richard J Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
Unit of Immuno-oncology Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., ‘Gabriele D’Annunzio’ University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
Edison Biotechnology Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
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Arthur G Janes Cancer Center and Richard J Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
Unit of Immuno-oncology Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., ‘Gabriele D’Annunzio’ University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
Edison Biotechnology Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
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Arthur G Janes Cancer Center and Richard J Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
Unit of Immuno-oncology Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I., ‘Gabriele D’Annunzio’ University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
Edison Biotechnology Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
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, thymosin α1 and α,γ-interferons, also regulate MHC class I expressions in thyroid cells ( Saji et al. 1992 b , Giuliani et al. 2000 , Napolitano et al. 2000 , Grassadonia et al. 2004 ). We have previously defined the 5′ flanking region of
Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, People's Republic of China
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Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, People's Republic of China
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Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, People's Republic of China
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90 sample) are summarized in Table 3 . Among the major secreted molecules and the molecules involved in the processing of protein secretion, only secretogranin III ( scg3 ), thymosin-β 15a ( tmsb15a ), neuromedin S ( nms ), ependymin ( epd
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Vincenzo S D'Agostini C Grelli S Bucci I Singer DS Kohn LD Monaco F 2000 Thymosin-α1 regulates MHC class-I expression in FRTL-5 cells at a transcriptional level . European Journal of Immunology 30 778 – 786 . Giuliani C Noguchi Y
Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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X16053 Mouse mRNA for thymosin beta-4 98% 0 2-B9 NM_008218 Mus musculus