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Stephen P Ashcroft School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK
Mitochondrial Metabolism and Ageing Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Gareth Fletcher Mitochondrial Metabolism and Ageing Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Ashleigh M Philp Mitochondrial Metabolism and Ageing Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Carl Jenkinson Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Shatarupa Das Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
UTS Centenary Centre for Inflammation, University Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Philip M Hansbro Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
UTS Centenary Centre for Inflammation, University Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Philip J Atherton MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, UK

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Andrew Philp Mitochondrial Metabolism and Ageing Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
St Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Medicine, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Introduction Vitamin D deficiency, characterised by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels of < 50 nmol/L, remains prevalent across both Europe and the United States of America ( Forrest & Stuhldreher 2011 , Cashman et al. 2016

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J A Tamblyn College of Medical and Dental Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Fetal Medicine Centre, Centre for Women's and Children's Health
College of Medical and Dental Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Fetal Medicine Centre, Centre for Women's and Children's Health

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M Hewison College of Medical and Dental Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Fetal Medicine Centre, Centre for Women's and Children's Health

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C L Wagner College of Medical and Dental Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Fetal Medicine Centre, Centre for Women's and Children's Health

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J N Bulmer College of Medical and Dental Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Fetal Medicine Centre, Centre for Women's and Children's Health

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M D Kilby College of Medical and Dental Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Fetal Medicine Centre, Centre for Women's and Children's Health
College of Medical and Dental Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Fetal Medicine Centre, Centre for Women's and Children's Health
College of Medical and Dental Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Departments of Pediatrics, Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Fetal Medicine Centre, Centre for Women's and Children's Health

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of vitamin D at the maternal–fetal interface. Illustration of both the innate and adaptive leukocyte decidual subsets with the potential capacity for intrinsic 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH) 2 D) synthesis from 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD

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Daniela Leite de Oliveira Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Camila Hirotsu Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Sergio Tufik Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Monica Levy Andersen Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Introduction The musculoskeletal benefits of vitamin D are widely known: they promote the calcification of bone matrix and increase the absorption of calcium and phosphate in the intestine. Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children

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Rene F Chun Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 615 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA

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John S Adams Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 615 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 615 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA

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Martin Hewison Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 615 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 615 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA

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Introduction At the end of 2007, Time magazine listed the ‘Benefits of Vitamin D’ as one of its top ten ‘medical breakthroughs’ of the year. The reason for this they stated has been the recent remarkable increase in studies documenting new actions

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Ankana Ganguly Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Jennifer A Tamblyn Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Fetal Medicine Centre, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
CEDAM, Birmingham Health Partners, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Sarah Finn-Sell Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK

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Shiao-Y Chan Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

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Melissa Westwood Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK

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Janesh Gupta Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Fetal Medicine Centre, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Mark D Kilby Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Fetal Medicine Centre, Birmingham Women’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Stephane R Gross School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK

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Martin Hewison Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
CEDAM, Birmingham Health Partners, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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regulation of trophoblast invasion have been well documented ( Menkhorst et al . 2016 ). The aim of the current review is to provide an overview of these early events in placental development, with particular emphasis on the potential role of vitamin D as a

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Nele Cielen Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Nele Heulens Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Karen Maes Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Geert Carmeliet Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Chantal Mathieu Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Wim Janssens Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Ghislaine Gayan-Ramirez Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium

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addition to smoking, physical inactivity, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation, other factors such as vitamin D deficiency may contribute to the large variability in the prevalence and severity of skeletal muscle dysfunction in COPD ( Maltais et al

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Nathanael J Yates School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

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Dijana Tesic School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

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Kirk W Feindel Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

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Jeremy T Smith School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

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Michael W Clarke Metabolomics Australia, Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

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Celeste Wale School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

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Rachael C Crew School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

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Michaela D Wharfe School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

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Andrew J O Whitehouse Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

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Caitlin S Wyrwoll School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

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Introduction The quality of early life environment is a powerful determinant of adult health outcomes, including brain function ( Cottrell & Seckl 2009 ). The abundant expression of vitamin D receptors within the foetal brain ( Eyles et al

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E J Lock National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817, Bergen, Norway
Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1 NL-6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway

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R Ørnsrud National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817, Bergen, Norway
Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1 NL-6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway

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L Aksnes National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817, Bergen, Norway
Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1 NL-6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway

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F A T Spanings National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817, Bergen, Norway
Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1 NL-6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway

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R Waagbø National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817, Bergen, Norway
Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1 NL-6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway

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G Flik National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817, Bergen, Norway
Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1 NL-6525ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021, Bergen, Norway

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Introduction The vitamin D endocrine system in vertebrates is a major regulator of calcium and phosphate homeostasis ( Norman et al. 2002 ). Current research focuses on the two vitamin D metabolites 24 R ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3

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Lauriane Bonnet Aix-Marseille Université, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Marseille, France

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Esma Karkeni Aix-Marseille Université, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Marseille, France

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Charlène Couturier Aix-Marseille Université, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Marseille, France

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Julien Astier Aix-Marseille Université, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Marseille, France

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Catherine Defoort Aix-Marseille Université, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Marseille, France
CriBioM, Criblage Biologique Marseille, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France

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Ljubica Svilar Aix-Marseille Université, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Marseille, France
CriBioM, Criblage Biologique Marseille, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France

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Franck Tourniaire Aix-Marseille Université, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Marseille, France
CriBioM, Criblage Biologique Marseille, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France

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Lourdes Mounien Aix-Marseille Université, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Marseille, France

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Jean-François Landrier Aix-Marseille Université, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Marseille, France
CriBioM, Criblage Biologique Marseille, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France

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Introduction Low levels of total circulating 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) are strongly associated with obesity and more specially with increased fat mass and BMI ( Vilarrasa et al. 2007 , Earthman et al. 2012 , Landrier et al. 2016

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F H Glorieux
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In 1961, Prader et al. (1961) reported on a new form of vitamin D resistant rickets, which differed from the classic hypophosphatemic type (Albright et al. 1937) by its early onset (within the first year of life), the development of severe hypocalcemia with tetany, moderate hypophosphatemia and hyperaminoaciduria both reflecting secondary hyperparathyroidism, enamel hypoplasia and the complete correction of all clinical and biochemical evidence of rickets (including stunted growth rate) with high daily doses of vitamin D. In the initial report identifying this hereditary form of pseudo-vitamin D deficiency rickets (PDDR), transmission was reported to be autosomal dominant. Later, recessive inheritance was established (Fanconi & Prader 1969). In view of the fact that to maintain health, intake of vitamin D had to be consistently in vast excess of the recommended daily allowance (400 IU), the term 'vitamin D dependency' (VDD) was proposed to describe the new syndrome (Scriver 1970).

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