Introduction Vitamin D deficiency, characterised by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels of < 50 nmol/L, remains prevalent across both Europe and the United States of America ( Forrest & Stuhldreher 2011 , Cashman et al. 2016
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Stephen P Ashcroft, Gareth Fletcher, Ashleigh M Philp, Carl Jenkinson, Shatarupa Das, Philip M Hansbro, Philip J Atherton, and Andrew Philp
J A Tamblyn, M Hewison, C L Wagner, J N Bulmer, and M D Kilby
of vitamin D at the maternal–fetal interface. Illustration of both the innate and adaptive leukocyte decidual subsets with the potential capacity for intrinsic 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH) 2 D) synthesis from 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD
Daniela Leite de Oliveira, Camila Hirotsu, Sergio Tufik, and Monica Levy Andersen
Introduction The musculoskeletal benefits of vitamin D are widely known: they promote the calcification of bone matrix and increase the absorption of calcium and phosphate in the intestine. Vitamin D deficiency can cause rickets in children
Rene F Chun, John S Adams, and Martin Hewison
Introduction At the end of 2007, Time magazine listed the ‘Benefits of Vitamin D’ as one of its top ten ‘medical breakthroughs’ of the year. The reason for this they stated has been the recent remarkable increase in studies documenting new actions
Ankana Ganguly, Jennifer A Tamblyn, Sarah Finn-Sell, Shiao-Y Chan, Melissa Westwood, Janesh Gupta, Mark D Kilby, Stephane R Gross, and Martin Hewison
regulation of trophoblast invasion have been well documented ( Menkhorst et al . 2016 ). The aim of the current review is to provide an overview of these early events in placental development, with particular emphasis on the potential role of vitamin D as a
Nele Cielen, Nele Heulens, Karen Maes, Geert Carmeliet, Chantal Mathieu, Wim Janssens, and Ghislaine Gayan-Ramirez
addition to smoking, physical inactivity, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation, other factors such as vitamin D deficiency may contribute to the large variability in the prevalence and severity of skeletal muscle dysfunction in COPD ( Maltais et al
Nathanael J Yates, Dijana Tesic, Kirk W Feindel, Jeremy T Smith, Michael W Clarke, Celeste Wale, Rachael C Crew, Michaela D Wharfe, Andrew J O Whitehouse, and Caitlin S Wyrwoll
Introduction The quality of early life environment is a powerful determinant of adult health outcomes, including brain function ( Cottrell & Seckl 2009 ). The abundant expression of vitamin D receptors within the foetal brain ( Eyles et al
E J Lock, R Ørnsrud, L Aksnes, F A T Spanings, R Waagbø, and G Flik
Introduction The vitamin D endocrine system in vertebrates is a major regulator of calcium and phosphate homeostasis ( Norman et al. 2002 ). Current research focuses on the two vitamin D metabolites 24 R ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3
Lauriane Bonnet, Esma Karkeni, Charlène Couturier, Julien Astier, Catherine Defoort, Ljubica Svilar, Franck Tourniaire, Lourdes Mounien, and Jean-François Landrier
Introduction Low levels of total circulating 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) are strongly associated with obesity and more specially with increased fat mass and BMI ( Vilarrasa et al. 2007 , Earthman et al. 2012 , Landrier et al. 2016
F H Glorieux
In 1961, Prader et al. (1961) reported on a new form of vitamin D resistant rickets, which differed from the classic hypophosphatemic type (Albright et al. 1937) by its early onset (within the first year of life), the development of severe hypocalcemia with tetany, moderate hypophosphatemia and hyperaminoaciduria both reflecting secondary hyperparathyroidism, enamel hypoplasia and the complete correction of all clinical and biochemical evidence of rickets (including stunted growth rate) with high daily doses of vitamin D. In the initial report identifying this hereditary form of pseudo-vitamin D deficiency rickets (PDDR), transmission was reported to be autosomal dominant. Later, recessive inheritance was established (Fanconi & Prader 1969). In view of the fact that to maintain health, intake of vitamin D had to be consistently in vast excess of the recommended daily allowance (400 IU), the term 'vitamin D dependency' (VDD) was proposed to describe the new syndrome (Scriver 1970).
In
